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Das
Chapter 4
Shallow
Foundations:
Ultimate
Bearing
Capacity
Das
Introduction
Shallow foundations must have two main characteristics:
1. Be safe against overall shear failure in the soil.
Das
Introduction
This chapter discusses the following:
Development of the theoretical relationship for ultimate
bearing capacity of shallow foundations subjected to
centric vertical loading.
Effect of the location of water table and soil
compressibility on ultimate bearing capacity.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations subjected to
vertical eccentric loading and eccentrically inclined
loading.
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General Concept
Consider a strip foundation with a width of B resting on
the surface of a dense sand or stiff cohesive soil.
If a load is gradually applied foundation, settlement will
increase.
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General Concept
Failure in the soil supporting the foundation will take place
at a certain point when load per unit area reaches a
certain value.
The tipping point of this load per unit area is called the
ultimate bearing capacity of the foundation ( qu).
General shear failure is the term used for the sudden
failure in the soil.
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General Concept
For foundations resting on sand or clayey soil of medium
compaction, increasing the load will increase in
settlement.
Failure surface in the soil will gradually extend outward
from the foundation shown by the solid lines in the figure.
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General Concept
When the load per unit area on the foundation equals qu(1) ,
movement of the foundation will be accompanied by sudden
jerks
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General Concept
If the foundation is supported by a fairly loose soil, the
loadsettlement plot will be like this figure.
Here the failure surface in soil will not extend to the ground
surface.
Beyond the ultimate failure load ( q ) the loadsettlement plot
u
will be steep and practically linear. This type of failure in soil is
called the punching shear failure.
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General Concept
Relationship for the mode of bearing capacity failure of foundations
resting on sands.
B L diameter
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B* B
2BL
B
B L
*
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General Concept
This figure shows the settlement ( Su ) of the circular and
rectangular plates a sand at ultimate load.
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General Concept
Foundations at a shallow depth ( small,Df / B*) show the
ultimate load occurring at a settlement of 4 to 10% of B.
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The effect of soil above the bottom of the foundation may be assumed
to be replaced by an equivalent surcharge
q Df .
( = unit weight of soil)
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The failure zone under the foundation can be separated into three
parts:
1. The triangular zone ACD immediately under the foundation
2. The radial shear zones ADF and CDE, with the curves DE and DF
being arcs of a logarithmic spiral
3. Two triangular Rankine passive zones AFH and CEG
(The angles CAD and ACD are assumed to be equal to the soil friction
angle '.)
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b B/ 2
= cohesive force acting along each face, AD and CD, that is equal to
C
the unit cohesion times the length of each face =
Thus,
or
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b
qu c tan tan '
b
2
'
'
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1
Pp (btan ' )2 K c'(btan ' )Kc q(btan ' )K q
2
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Pp
b
1
'
' 2
'
'
'
q
c
tan
tan
u
and p 2 (btan ) K c (btan )Kc q(btan )Kq
b
2
'
'
1
We now can write the equation qu c Nc qNq BN
2
'
'
Nc tan (Kc 1)
Nq Kq tan '
1
N tan '(K tan ' 1)
2
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0 and c 0
qu qq qNq
Where
Nq
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'
2cos2(45 )
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c
Nc
If 0 and q 0 then u
c
where
Nc cot [
'
21
'
2cos2( )
4 2
1] cot '(Nq 1)
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Circular foundation (
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B diameter
)
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Factor of Safety
Calculating allowable load-bearing capacity of shallow foundations
requires the applying a factor of safety (FS) to the gross ultimate
bearing capacity.
qall
qu
FS
FS
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Factor of Safety
Net ultimate bearing capacity: The ultimate pressure per unit area of
the foundation that can be supported by the soil in excess of the
pressure caused by the surrounding soil at the foundation level.
If the difference between the unit weight of concrete used in the
foundation and the unit weight of soil surrounding is assumed to be
negligible, then qnet(u) qu q.
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qu q
qall(net )
FS
q Df
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0 d B
q Df
d
' ( ' )
B
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1
qu c NcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi BN F sF dF i
2
'
C'=cohesion
q
=effective stress at the lever of the bottom of the foundation
=shape factors
Fcd ,Fqd ,F d
=depth factors
Fci ,Fqi ,F i
Nc ,Nq ,N
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Nq tan2(45 )e tan
2
N 2(Nq 1)tan
'
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B 0.5
Fcs 1(1.8tan 0.1)( )
L
2
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'
B 0.5
Fqs 1(1.9tan )( )
L
'
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1
qu cNcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi BN F sF dF i
2
'
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PI 36
Cu 27.1
B 7.2
Df 1.52
m2
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1
qu c NcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi BN F sF dF i
2
'
FS=181.8= 1.14
160
This factor of safety is too low and approximately equals one, for which
failure occurred for the silo.
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Cu(VST )
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1
qu cNcFcsFcdFcc qNqFqsFqdFqc BN F sF dF c
2
'
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foundation.
Ir
Gs
c' q' tan '
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1
B
'
I r(cr ) {exp[(3.30 0.45 )cot(45 )]}
2
L
2
Variations of I
with B/ L in the following table
r(cr )
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If
Fcc Fqc F c 1
I r I r(cr ) then
'
(3.07sin
)(log2I r )
B
'
F c Fqc exp{(4.4 0.6 )tan [
]}
'
L
1 sin
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B
Fcc 0.32 0.12 0.60logI r
L
For
0 use
'
Fcc Fqc
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1 Fqc
Nq tan '
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Q = 6M
vertical
load
Q
qmax
total
BL B2L
Q 6M
qmin
=2 moment
on the foundation
M
BL B L
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M
e
Q
We get
Q
6e
qmax (1 )
BL
B
and
Q
6e
qmin (1 )
BL
B
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4Q
qmax
3L(B 2e)
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FS
Qu
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Qu
Q
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qu c'NcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi BN F sF dF i
2
Step 2.
Use the equation above to determine ultimate bearing
capacity.
Use relationships in Table 4.3 to determine
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Q A {(qu(B )(L )}
'
A = effective area
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FS
Qu
Q
qu(e) is the average load per unit area of the foundation. Thus
'
u
q (B 2e)
qu(e)
B
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1
Qu qu(e)B [c Nc(e) qNq(e) BN y(e) ]
2
'
eccentric loading.
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Rk 1
qu(e)
qu(centric)
ek
Rk = Reduction Factor = Rk a( )
B
continuous foundations
foundations.
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ek
qu(e) qu(1 Rk ) qu[1 a( ) ]
B
1
qu qNqFqd BN F d
2
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2e
qu(e) qu(1 )
B
The ultimate load per unit length of the foundation can
then be given as
Qu Bqu(e)
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My
Qu
Mx
eL
Qu
Qu qu' A'
1 '
q c NcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi B N F sF dF i
2
'
u
'
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Band L
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Band L
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In determining
'
A B
1
Case I: e / L
L
6
',
and
Bwith B.
'
, there are five possibilities.
1
and e / B
B
6
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1
1
eL / L and eB / B
6
6
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3eB
B1 B(1.5
)
B
1
A B1L1
2
'
L1 L(1.5
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3eL
L
'
A
B '
L
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eL / L 0.5 and 0 eB / B
1
6
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1
A (L1 L2 )B
2
'
'
A
B'
L1 or L 2(use whichever L value is larger)
L value is larger)
L' L1(use
orwhichever
L2
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1and
eL / L
0 eB / B 0.5
6
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1
A (B1 B2 )L
2
'
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LL
'
'
A
B
L
'
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1
1
eL / L and e / B
B
6
6
Effective area can be determined by the figure below
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1
A L2B (B B2)(L L2 )
2
'
'
A
B
L
'
LL
'
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'
A
L' ' .
B
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1 '
q c NcFcsFcdFci qNqFqsFqdFqi B N F sF dF i
2
'
u
'
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Bearing capacity
factors
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'
we can apply the
u
cos
cos
It has been proposed to use a reduction factor to estimate
Q for granular soil
u(ei )
QReduction
q B(RF)
=
factor
u(ei )
RF
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