Professional Documents
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Agriculture
Submitted by
Vajinder Pal Kalra
Ph.d Student
Aggarwal (2003)
images and related data that are obtained from ground based, air-or
space-borne instruments that record the interaction between matter
(target) and electromagnetic radiation.
Ground-based
Airplane-based
Satellite-based
Orbit
Swath
Satellite based
1. Sun-synchronous polar orbits
. Most earth imaging satellites is
ellipse
while
the
earth
2. Non-Sun-synchronous
orbits
Tropics, mid-latitudes, or
high
latitude
coverage,
varying sampling
example: TRMM
Geostationary orbits
3.
at
approximately
36,000
satellites
Passive
remote
sensing
for illumination.
The sensor emits radiation which is
directed
toward
the
target
to
be
investigated.
The radiation reflected from that target
Process of Remote
Sensing
(A) Energy source or illumination
(B) Radiation and the atmosphere
(C) Interaction with the target
(D) Recording of energy by the
sensor
(E) Transmission, reception, and
processing
(F) Interpretation and analysis
(G) Application
energy
strikes,
or
is
Specular reflection
Diffuse Reflection
Spatial resolution
It refers to the size of the smallest
Spectral resolution
Spectral resolution describes the
ability of a sensor to define fine
wavelength intervals.
The finer the spectral resolution,
Radiometric resolution
Sensors sensitivity to the magnitude
Basics of Bit
Computer store everything in 0 or 1. Each bit records an exponent of
power 2.
For example: 8 bits
bits
Max num
2n
1
64
256
11
2048
12
4096
Resolution: 12 bits
Coverage: 0 -4095
Temporal resolution
It is the revisit period, and is the
Image Interpretation
Image is a pictorial representation of an object or a scene.
Image can be
Analog image
Digital image
Lillesand and Keifer (1994)
Analog image
Produced by photographic sensors
on
paper
based
media
or
transparent media
Variations in scene characteristics
are represented as
variations in
reflecting
appear darker.
less
energy
Digital image
A digital image is made up of square
depends
on
the
amount
Tone
Tone refers to the relative
brightness or colour of
objects in an image.
Shape
Shape
refers
to
the
general
form,
interpretation.
Straight edge shapes typically represent
Size
Size of objects in an image is a
function of scale.
If an interpreter had to distinguish
warehouses
would
suggest
Pattern
Pattern refers to
an orderly
will
produce
and
ultimately
recognizable pattern.
Orchards with evenly spaced
Texture
Texture refers to the arrangement
as
fields,
asphalt,
or
grasslands.
Rough textured represent irregular
Shadow
Shadow
may
provide
or eliminate interpretation
in their area of influence,
since
targets
within
Association
Association takes into account the
relationship
between
other
associated
with
proximity
to
with
schools,
wavelength.
It is very useful for choosing the wavelength regions for remotely
Spectral signatures
A signature is that which gives an information about an object
to its identity.
Identity is whatever makes an entity recognizable.
Thick leaf
Thin leaf
Coniferous forest
Deciduous forest
Mature plant
Immature plant
Vegetation indices
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
This index is the ratio of the difference of the near-infrared
vegetation).
Dry soil
Wet soil
presence
of
iron
the
spectral
reflectance.
Reflectance in the green
region
decreases
with
Soil structure
A clay soil tends to have a strong
high
and
often
reflectance properties.
specular
Snow
pack
thickness:
water
content:
Even
present:
Producing food of sufficient quantity and quality is essential for the well-being
of the people anywhere in the world.
Plants require water and nutrients in order to grow and are sensitive to extreme
with other types of data, they become an important tool that helps in making
decisions about crops and agricultural strategies.
Jones and Vaughan (2010)
or more causes.
When a plant is stressed, it usually expresses certain visible
symptoms, but also some that are not visible to the human eye.
Stress symptoms may appear in all of the plants of the field or in
Chlorosis
Development of a fungus
Insect attack
Rouse et al (2000)
August 2005
Shanahan et al (2001)
to know the relationship between vegetation indices at a particular growth stage of the
crop and the final crop yield.
Historical data of previous growth seasons, serve this purpose, and the accuracy of the
predictions, it is essential to consider the factors that affect crop growth and yield in the
current year.
Information such as meteorological and climatic data, soil properties and farming
practices are combined with the up-to-date remotely sensed data, in order to model the
crop growth and make estimates on the final crop yield.
Crop identification
It is very important for a national government to know what crops
what crop is grown in each field. But this takes too much time and
costs a lot of money.
Bauer (1985)
Global
Information
System
(GIS):
Following a chemical spill, maps obtained
from a GIS system can reveal environmentallysensitive areas that should be protected during
response and recovery phases.
Source: Purdue
Aerial photography
Cropland use
Census maps
The Result:
Layered maps can be generated by
the GIS software.
Source: University of
Missouri
1. Hand Held
2. Backpack
3. Vehicle Mounted
Garmin
Trimble
Mapping
Guidance
Soil properties
Point Guidance
Chemical application
Swath Guidance
Chemical prescriptions
Control
Variable rate application
Variable depth tillage
Variable irrigation
Tillage Maps
Yield Mapping
Pest Mapping
Topographic Maps
Planting Maps
Field Mapping
Position
data
(georeference
data)
recorded
at
predetermined intervals.
Other data recorded manually or automatically by
Soil Sampling
Georeferenced soil samples can be
collected
Sampling Methods
Grid sampling: intensive sampling of
entire field
Directed sampling: intensive sampling of
Yield Maps
Record of spatial yield
Field Scouting
Fields can be scouted for a variety of pests
Pest populations recorded on maps
Decision tools can be applied on a site specific basis
Precision Agriculture
It is a collection of agricultural practices
practices
treatments,
where
such
the
various
as
crop
irrigation,
Adjustment of ultra-low volume herbicide applicators. With this method the use
of chemicals in agriculture is greatly reduced.
Source: Keith Weller, USDA Agricultural Research Service
(VRT)
is
system
that
Trial parameters
Area to be
cultivated
Location of
research plot
Without
With Navigator
Navigator
55x36.4m=0.2 55x36.4m=0.20ha
0ha
Latitude :
Latitude :
30.9084640
30.9084890
Longitude:
Longitude:
75.8173750
75.8175660
2.6
2.6
Total width of
machine (m)
Position of GPS
1.7m Front
antenna from
cultivator
Visibility of
Not visible
navigator screen to
operator
1.7m Front
Visible
Without Navigator
(0.001+0.002+0.004+0.005+0.004
+0.009+0.012+0.001+0.001+0.001+ 0.007=0.047ha)
With Navigator
(0.001+0.001+0.003+0.001+
0.002+0.001+0.001+0.004+
0.001+0.001+0.001=0.017ha)
Without Navigator
With Navigator
(0.004+0.004+0.005+0.001+0.006 +
(0.001+0.001+0.002+0.001+ 0.001=0.006)
0.003+0.003+0.002+0.006+0.008
=0.042)
Without Navigator
With Navigator
55x36.4m=0.20ha
55x36.4m=0.20ha
-Latitude
-Latitude
research plot
30.9084640
: 30.9084890
-Longitude: 75.8175660
-Longitude:
75.8173750
0.11 ha
0.35 ha/h
0.29ha
Calculated area
0.19ha
Perimeter
175m
Productivity
0.55ha/h
Total area
0.20ha
cultivated
Uncovered/missi 0.001+0.002+0.004+ 0.001+0.001+0.003+0.00
ng area of the
0.005+0.004
1+ 0.002+0.001+
field
+0.009+0.012+0.001 0.001+0.004+
With Navigator
0.001+0.001+0.002+0.00
1+ 0.001
=0.006
0.002+0.001+0.001+0.00
1+
0.002+0.001+0.001=0.00
9
0.015ha
0.185ha
machine
Setting
chart for
spreader
Electrical
connections from
12V dc battery
Spreader
setting
Without Navigator
(0.003+0.001+0.002+0.141=0.147ha)
With Navigator
(0.001+0.004+0.002+0.010+0.003
+ 0.008+0.012= 0.067ha )
Experimental
Setup During
Zero Till Drill
Operation
Satellite Navigator
Tractor attached
with zero till drill
Record)
4.Dual frequency data format transmits data in a more
Conclusion
Remote sensing technology can be used to assess various abiotic and biotic
various crop issues even at a small land holding with high resolution.
The discrimination can be made between different crops based on the
reflectance
and moisture assessment can be under taken on temporal and spatial scales.