ENGLISH

GRAMMARS FOR SMT III

LECTURERS:

Dr. Baso Andi Pallawa, Dip. TEFL., M.Pd

Drs. Jos, E. Ohiwutun

UNEVEN

SEMESTER 2014/2015

THE PARTS OF SPEECH

Part of speech is the common name for a word class
- A category into which words are placed according
to the work they do in a sentence. Here you'll be
introduced to the eight traditional parts of speech.
Learning the names of the parts of speech probably
won't make you witty (clever) wealthy, or wise. In
fact, learning just the names of the parts of speech
won't even make you a better writer. But you will
gain a basic understanding of the English language
, which should help you follow the other lessons
here at about Grammar and Composition. And
those lessons will help you to improve your writing.

Keep in mind that only interjections ("Yes!") have a habit of

standing
alone (or alongside complete sentences). The other parts of
speech
nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives adverbs, prepositions, and
conjunctions--come in many varieties and may appear just about
anywhere in a sentence. To know for sure what part of speech a
word is, we have to look not only at the word itself but also at
its
meaning, position, and use in a sentence.
Parts of Speech
1. The part of speech (or word class) that is used to name or
identify a person, place, thing, quality, or action. Adjective:
nominal.
A noun or noun phrase can function as a subject,
direct object, indirect object, complement, appositive, or
object of a preposition . In addition, nouns sometimes modify
other nouns to form compound nouns .
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Most nouns have both a singular and plural

form, can be preceded by an article and/or one
or more adjectives, and can serve as the head
of a noun phrase.
7. Types of Nouns:
Abstract Noun and Concrete Noun
Animate Noun and Inanimate Noun
Attributive Noun
Collective Noun
Common Noun and Proper Noun
Compound Noun
Count Noun and Mass Noun
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1. Abstract Noun is a noun that cannot be seen, touched but be

felt: wind, idea, air. On the other hands, concrete noun is a noun
that can be seen, touched.
2. Animate noun - A semantic category of noun, referring to a
person, animal, or other creature. Contrast with inanimate noun
refers to a place, thing, or idea--not a person, animal, or other
creature.
The most cited gendered reference to an inanimate object today
may be the use of she to refer to ships. This usage was first noted
by Ben Jonson in his English Grammar of 1640; he names ships as
an exception to the rule that it refers to inanimate objects . . .. In
2002, it was announced that Lloyd's List, the world's best-known
source of maritime business news and information, would stop
using she in reference to ships, switching over instead to it. (Anne
Curzan, Gender Shifts in the History of English. Cambridge Univ.
Press, 2003).
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3. Attribute Noun - refers to a noun that modifies another

noun and functions as an adjective. Also known as a noun
adjunct. (e.g.: sea pirate, orphan house, midwife
academy, etc.).
4. Collective Noun Refers to a noun (such as team,
committee, or family) that refers to a group of individuals.
N.B. In American English, collective nouns usually take
singular verb forms. Collective nouns can be replaced by
both singular and plural pronouns depending on their
meaning. See Example: "Make sure you have finished
speaking before your audience has finished listening.
"Nouns such as committee, family, government, jury, and
squad
take a singular verb or pronoun when thought of as a single
unit,
but a plural verb or pronoun when thought of as a collection
of
Individuals.
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Several verbs can be followed by a gerund or an

infinitive verb without having different
meanings.
Finish, begin, start =
I will finish teaching at 14 p.m = I will finish to
teach at 14 p.m.
Several verbs can be followed by a gerund or an
infinitive verb having different meanings=
Stop, need, want.
I stop teaching at 14 p.m
I stop to teach at the intersection there for
teaching at STIE.

Need + Gerund = passive meaning. E.g.:

I need teaching by you = Saya perlu diajar
olehmu.
I want teaching by you = Saya mau diajar
olehmu
Need + to infinitive verb = active meaning. E.g:
I need to teach you = Saya perlu mengajar kamu
I want to teach you = Saya mau mengajar kami
I want to teach you

I need teaching by you = I

need to be taught by you
I want teaching by you = I
want to be taught by you

"It is possible for singular collective nouns to be followed

either by
a singular or a plural verb form: The audience was
delighted with
the performance. The audience were delighted with the
performance. The first of these options is normal in
American
English. In British English both options are found.
(Geoffrey Leech, A Glossary of English Grammar.
Edinburgh Univ. Press, 2006)
5. Common Noun
A noun that can be preceded by the definite article (the)
and that represents one or all of the members of a class.
As a general rule, a common noun does not begin with a
capital letter unless it appears at the start of a sentence
. Contrast with proper noun.
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A student of Tadulako University must be

smart.
The student of Tadulako University must
be smart.

 Common nouns can be subdivided into count nouns and

mass nouns. Semantically, common nouns can be classified as
abstract nouns and concrete nouns.
A noun belonging to the class of words used as names for
unique individuals, events, or places. Contrast with
common noun.
Most proper nouns (for example, Fred, New York, Mars, Coca
Cola) begin with a capital letter. Proper nouns are not usually
preceded by articles or other determiners. Most proper nouns
are singular.
6. Compound Noun
. Two or more nouns combined to form a single noun.
. Compound nouns are written as separate words (grape fruit
juice), as words linked by a hyphen (sister-in-law), or as one
word (schoolteacher).
. A compounded noun whose form no longer clearly reveals its
origin (such as bonfire or marshall) is sometimes called an
amalgamated compound. Many place names (or toponyms)
are amalgamated compounds: e.g., Norwich (north + village)
and Sussex (south + Saxons).
.
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N.B: TOPONYM
A place name or a word coined in association with the
name of a
place. Adjectives: toponymic and toponymous. The study of
such
place names is known as toponymics or toponymy--a
branch of
onomastics.
Types of toponym include agronym (the name of a field or
pasture), dromonym (the name of a transportation route),
drymonym (the name of a forest or grove), econym (the
name of a
village or town), limnonym (the name of a lake or pond),
and necronym (the name of a cemetery or burial ground)
7. Count Noun - A noun that refers to an object or idea
that can form a plural or occur in a noun phrase with an
indefinite article or with numerals. Contrast with
mass noun (or noncount noun).
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"The study of place-names (toponymy) is closely allied

to geography, history, and related disciplines. The
study of personal names (anthroponymy) is related to
genealogy, sociology, and anthropology. Another subdiscipline is literary onomastics, which examines the
use of proper names in literature, and often focuses
on the names of characters in fiction (characternyms).
A primary requirement of onomastics is the
clarification of certain basic terms relating to the
concept proper name. In casual usage, proper names,
proper nouns, and capitalized words are often taken
to be the same thing. That assumption, however, can
mislead, because the three expressions refer to three
different things which partially overlap."
(John Algeo, "Onomastics." The Oxford Companion to
the English Language, ed. by Tom McArthur. Oxford
University Press, 1992)
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 Most common nouns in English are countable--that

is, they have both singular and plural forms.
Many nouns have both countable and noncountable uses, such as the countable "dozen
eggs" and the non-countable "egg on his face."
N.B: Loanword Borrowing Words
A word imported into one language from another
language. Also called a borrowed word.
Following the Norman Conquest, during the period
of Middle English (roughly 1100 to 1500), the
French language contributed many loanwords to
English. Over the past 1,500 years, English has
adopted words from more than 300 other
languages.

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THE PLURALS OF NOUNS

Three kinds of nouns: class-nouns (which/that
denote) denoting persons, animals and
things). Material nouns and Abstract nouns.
Class-nouns can be pluralized. The plural of
nouns is mostly formed by adding s to the
singular.
A. The pronunciation is s after nouns ending
in a breathed sound, and z after nouns
ending in a voiced sound. E.g.: one ship
two ships, a hat two hats
a game two games (z)
a bed - three beds (z)
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B. es is however, added to nouns ending:

1. In hissing sound The ending es is
pronounced iz
E.g.: bus buses, church churches, edge
edges
2. In O, preceded by a consonant:
potato potatoes, hero heroes
BUT: cameo cameos (jewelry), studio
studios
: piano pianos, photo photos, folio folios.
The above words are foreign words
3. In y preceded by a consonant, then y
changes into i + es. E.g.: lady ladies, fly
flies.
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4. In f or fe then f or fe changes into ves

E.g.: wife wives, knife knives, calf calves
(cow kid)
wolf - wolves, loaf loaves, thief
thieves,
Thief [i:f] for thief = (stealer, swindler,
burglar =
maling, robber = perampok).
Except: roof roofs, hoof hoofs, chief chiefs
Chief [i:f ] for chief (leader, head of ).
C. IRREGULAR PLURALS ARE:
abacus abaci, child children, foot feet,
man men, woman women, sheep sheep,
goose geese, deer deer, means means,
ox oxen (male cow),
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Because man becomes men, we also find:

Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman
Frenchmen
Dutchman Dutchmen, BUT:
German Germans, Roman Romans
Norman Normans.
D. The word penny has two plural forms:
a penny three pennies (the coin)
a penny 2 pence (the value)
E. Compound nouns consisting of two nouns
have the sign of the plural added to the
last noun:
one girl student two girl students.
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F. Compound Nouns consisting of a noun and a

preposition, take the plural s after the noun:
E.g.: a passer by two passers by, looker on 2
lookers on. NOTE: When in a compound noun
there is no noun, the plural s is added to the
last word:
one grown up two grown-ups
G. Compound nouns ending in ful take s after
the ending:
1 basketful 2 basketfuls, a spoonful 3
spoonfuls
1 mouthful 3 mouthfuls (sesuap penuh)
H. The following words are always used in the
singular form:
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Furniture, strength, progress, information.

I. The following groups of words are only used
in the plural:
1.a. Some names of games : To play (at)
billiards, to play (at) dominoes, to play (at)
cards
1.b. Some names of sciences: mathematics,
phonetics, physics, mechanics, politics.
NOTE: Sometimes these words have a
singular verb.:
What are his politics?
Politics is a difficult subject.
1.c. Some names of diseases: measles (p.
campak)
mumps (p. Gondok) 17

1.d. Some words as: earrings, contents, wages,

savings.
1.e. Some names of instruments and articles of
dress, consisting of two equal parts:
spectacles (glasses), trousers, knickerbockers
(Dutchmen become New York population; short
trousers), drawers, tongs, scissors, compasses.
NOTE: a pair of glasses (three pair of glasses.
BUT: a pair of shoes = two pairs of shoes
(consisting of two separate parts), a pair of
stockings = two pairs of stocking; a pair of
cloves = four pairs of cloves;
a pair of earrings = three pairs of earrings.
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THE GENDER (JENIS KELAMIN)

Noun can be masculine, feminine, or neuter:
1. Nouns denoting (which denote) persons, either
masculine, or feminine are thus referring to the
pronoun he etc.
NOTE: The nouns child and baby are often neuter
and then referred to by the pronouns it, its.
2. Nouns denoting animals are mostly neuter, but
sometimes names of large and strong animals as:
lion, horse, tiger, dog, are masculine, while names of
small animals as: cat, rabbit, rat are feminine.
3. A noun denoting (which denotes) a thing is neuter
and is referred to by the word it.
4. Names of country, ship, engine, particularly when
personified, are feminine. E.g.: To protect the nation,
the Indonesian country needs her sons to be armies.
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Tidar ship has been 25 years old, so she

needs repairing (needs to be repaired).
The engine of your car must be changed
because she (it) has been old.
5. Some nouns the ending ess is used to
denote the female sex, e.g.:
actor actress, author authoress
heir (ahli waris) heiress host hostess
god goddess, lion lioness
count(lord) countess, tiger tigress
duke (lord) duchess, negro negress
emperor empress (maharani),
prince princess, 20

GUIDELINES OF ENLISH ARTICLES (a, an & the)

1. A (an) can be used with anything that can be
counted:
a man, a woman, a book, an umbrella, an eraser
2. Countable noun in the singular is always preceded
by a or the A cat sat in the window.
The cat sat in the window.
3. 1. An is used when the following word begins with
the sound of a vowel. an uncle, an hour,
3.2. A is used when the following word begins with a
consonant sound, - a university, a one clock.
4. A is retained used even though one or more
adjective are used before the noun, - a sprightly
little old lady,
an energetic man, - a happy student.
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5. one is used instead of a when

number is emphasized I have a
pen.
I have only one
pen now, I lost my
other one.
6. A is used with units of measure:
a kilogram, a dozen eggs, one day
a week,
half of a dozen = a half dozen.
7. A is often used before an
expression of quantity which is not
a unit of measure:

NOTE: Few (= sedikit) is different from a few (=

beberapa):
Few books is less than a few books.
Quite a few = a lot of, - a great deal/a great many=
many.
8. A is used with possessive of measure.\:
The holiday will last a month (= a months holiday)
I like orange. Please give me a quarters worth.
(a quarter = 25 cent - $ ).
9. A follows such in an expression of cause of
result:
It is such a happy day that it is hard to stay indoor.
There was such a big crowd that it was hard to see
the minister of education.
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10. A is sometimes used when the object

mentioned stands for all its kind:
The (a) student at UNTAD - It does not
mean that only one student (Used in
making generalization about a whole
group).
11. The means that object which I am
talking about and which you know about:
In the classroom there is only one eraser.
So I can ask: Where is an eraser. BUT, if
there are several erasers, and one of them
is marked with a blue color, I can ask:
Where is the eraser with the blue color?
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12. The is retained when an adjective is used:

The pen The red pen.
The odor The fragrant odor (bau harum) of
warm
bread.
13. The is used when the adjective mentioned
stands for its kind (See number 10): the voter, the
adolescent.
14. The is used when the speaker and the
interlocutor both consider what the object is
meant:
The office, the university, the beach, the
restaurant.
15. The is used when the object is unique (only one
of its kind/class: The sun, the moon, the sky, the tv.
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16. When a is used, the first time, an object is

mentioned the is used there after:
My friend has a parrot. The parrot likes to eat
bananas.
17. The is used when the object although
mentioned for the first time is closely related to
another object mentioned earlier: Our classroom
is pleasant. The windows are larger.
18. Any plural nouns can be preceded by the if it
is followed by a qualifying phrase or a clause, in
other words, if the noun is being used in a
specific sense:
Men in general like sports. However the men in
any class never play basket ball.
Many students live in hostel, yet the students I
know all live at home.
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19. The is used in forming the superlative

of an adjective phrase or a clause:
The hardest test of the semester.
The most important news of the week.
20. Various words in addition to one can
appear before the: Some of the books,
Many of the students,
Some of the milk, A lot of the families
21. The is used when it is preceded by the
word one:
One of the --- + plural C.N.:
One of the books on the table.
One of the students in the classroom.
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NOTE: few, a few, several, many, most, both,

some, half
all, can be used with . of the
22. The is used to indicate order in a series
(use the ordinal number):
The first floor, The second class, The third
grade, The fourth chapter of the book, the 5th
to 20th and so on.
23. The is often used before geographic
adjectives:
The United States, The British Empire, The
English language
24. The is used before the names of rivers,
ocean, seas, and gulfs (strait)
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E.g.: The Java sea, The Poso river, The Pacific ocean,
the
gulf of Palu.
25. The is used before the names of organization,
such
as business, clubs and restaurants.
E.g.: The East Indian Trading Co., The Marannu
restaurant, The Islamic center, The youth center,
The sea view, The Ford Foundation
26. The is used with musical instruments:
Do you like to play the piano, the quitar, the violin?
27. The is used with season of the year when a
particular time is meant.
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SEASON = MONSOON

In Indonesia

The outsides of
Indonesia

The dry season

The summer
The rainy season
The winter
The spring = m.
28. The is used withbunga/semi
the directions, north,
east, south, west when indicating a
- particular part of a The
autumn
=
gugur
country:
The west coast of Palu, The north
peninsula of Celebes, The north America,
The eastern part of Palu.
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NO ARTICLES
29. Use no article (or some) when a plural is
used in a general sense:
Children play, Students attend the
lectures.
30. A cannot be used with a plural. The
plural a is nothing or a qualifies such as
some:
I saw a man; I saw some men.
31. Even when an adjective is added to a
plural noun, the plural of a is still nothing
(or some):
I saw a happy man I saw happy men.
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32. Use no article before nouns in the following

constructions:
Go to school, go to church, go to back, go
home
33. Use no article when breakfast, lunch, dinner
to the three meals eaten everyday:
WE have lunch at. 1.30; We have dinner at
6.30,
HOWEVER, use an article to refer to a special
meal:
We had a delicious lunch at Jennys house.
The 100 rupiah dinner of mixed rice.
34. No article is used before the names street,
road, avenue: Sudirman avenue, Kartini street,
Batutela road.
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35. Use no article with the names of city, and

country:
Palu, Indonesia, Chine, Donggala,
Exception: The United States, The British Isles,
The Soviet Union (The USSR), The Peoples
Republic of China, The Republic of .
36. Names of places are not predictable ,
sometimes they use articles, sometimes they
do not.:
Taman Ria Bumi Bahari, Karebosi field, The
THR for specific place.
37. With U.N, a is never used even though
they are singular in form:
Sugar, - the sugar, - some sugar (sedikit gula)
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Furniture, - the furniture, some furniture (use

the or no article at all, or a qualifier some)
38. Several U.Ns and C.Ns that can be seen and
measure are qualified by a vanity(sifat) of units
of measurment:
A cup of coffee, A glass of milk, A bunch of
bananas, A herd (sekelompok) of cow, A bottle
of ink, A bar of soap, A loaf of bread, A slice of
bread/meat, A pair of shoes, A pair of glasses, A
grove/clump of bamboo,
A drop of water, A pair of trouser, A pair
earrings,
A handful of rice, A crowd of people, A piece of
land,
A pack of cigarettes, A package of cigarettes,
A bunch of keys, A box of matches, A set of
books, A line of car, A number of car 34

A pile of : wood, stones, rocks)

39. Some words are used as both C.N. and U.N:
Business is good. Our father runs a business at
Parigi.
Bread is made from grain. Boy bread is a
delicious bread.
Milk is a food; Meat is a food.
VOCABULARY:
Lunch small meal (usually at noon).
Dinner large meal ( usually in the evening). It is
sometimes in the afternoon on Sunday and on
holiday.
Supper a light meal in the evening.
Breakfast small meal in the morning.
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Brunch a snack between breakfast and lunch or a

late
breakfast.
A snack Can be at any time A small extra meal if
we
are hungry.
Dessert fruit or cake after a meal.
Desert dry = sandy land
40. The is not used after the possessive pronouns:
My the books are on the table. Incorrect
My books are on the table Correct.

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