Foundation Design

Foundation design
Present by Mr. Sieng PEOU

Master science of geotechnical
engineering
Tel-011 874 974

email: sieng_2000@yahoo.fr
Type of foundation
Shallow foundation
1-Spread footing : support the load from
building by column
2-Strip footing : support the load from
building by walls
3-Mat foundation: combined all footing
Type of foundation
Deep foundation
1- End bearing pile : pile stand on
rocks or very dense soils, so we have
only end bearing capacity
2- Combined bearing pile : pile stand
on normal soils, so we have end
bearing capacity and skin friction
3- Floating pile : pile stand on very
loose or very soft soil, so we have only
skin friction
Spread footing
Q
Strip footing
q
Mat foundation
End bearing pile
Soft soil layer
Rock layer
Pile
Combined bearing pile
Soft soil layer
Stiff soil layer
Pile
Floating pile
Soft soil layer
Pile
Bearing capacity for Shallow

foundation
Type of failure
1-General shear failure for dense soil,we

can use C & for design soils bearing
capacity
2-Local shear failure for loose soil, we can
use C=2/3 C & arctg(2/3tg for
design soils bearing capacity
3-Punching shear failure for very loose
soil,not recommended
General shear failure

Q
Shear line
Local shear failure

Q
Shear line
Punching shear failure

Q
Failure mechanisms and derivation of

equations
Ultimate bearing capacity

qu
S
S
Settlement
qu
Failure mechanisms and derivation of

equations
A relatively undeformed wedge of soil below the foundation
forms an active Rankine zone with angles (45 + '/2).

The wedge pushes soil outwards, causing passive Rankine
zones to form with angles (45 - '/2).
The transition zones take the form of log spiral fans.
For purely cohesive soils ( = 0) the transition zones become
circular for which Prandtl had shown in 1920 that the solution
is qf = (2 + ) Cu = 5.14 Cu
This equation is based on a weightless soil. Therefore if the
soil is non-cohesive (c=0) the bearing capacity depends on
the surcharge qo. For a footing founded at depth D below the
surface, the surcharge qo = D. Normally for a shallow
foundation (D<B), the shear strength of the soil between the
surface and the founding depth D is neglected.
Semi-circular slip mechanism
Moment causing rotation

= load x lever arm
= [(q - qo) x B] x [B]
Moment resisting rotation

= shear strength x length of arc x lever arm
= [Cu] x [.B] x [B]
At failure these are equal:
(q - qo ) x B x B = Cu x .B x B
Net pressure (q - qo ) at failure

= 2 x Cu
This is an upper-bound solution.
Circular arc slip mechanism
Moment causing rotation

= load x lever arm
= [ (q - qo) x B ] x [B/2]
Moment resisting rotation

= shear strength x length of arc x lever arm
= [Cu] x [2 R] x [R]
At failure these are equal:
(q - qo) x B x B/2 = Cu x 2 R x R
Since R = B / sin :
(q - qo ) = Cu x 4 /(sin )
The worst case is when
tan=2 at = 1.1656 rad = 66.8 deg
The net pressure (q - qo) at failure

= 5.52 x Cu
Bearing capacity for strip footing

general equation
After Terzaghi (1943)
qd = CNc + s DNq +0.5 BN
tan
N q tan (45 )e
Re issner1924
2
2
Nc = (Nq 1 ) . Cotg Prandtl 1921

N = 2(Nq + 1)tg Caquot and Kerisel 1953 Vessic 1973
Bearing capacity for footing

From TSA equation
After Vessic (1973)
qd = 5.14 Cu(1+0.2B/L) + s D
Cu:Undrained cohesion
B: Width of footing
L: Length of footing

From TSA equation
After Skemton (1951)
qd = 5 Cu(1+0.2B/L)(1+0.2D/B) + s D
D/B<2.5
B: Width of footing
D: Depth of footing

From TSA equation
After Meyerhof (1951 to 1963)
qd = 5.14 Cu(1+0.2B/L)(1+0.2D/B) + s D
D/B<2.5
B: Width of footing

From ESA equation
After Vessic (1973)
qd = s D Nq(1+B/L.tg)+0.5BN(1-0.4B/L)
: Internal friction angle
B: Width of footing

From ESA equation
After Meyerhof (1951 to 1963)
qd = s D Nq.Sq.dq+0.5BNSd
Sq=S PB/L ; Kp= tg2(45+2)
dq=d=1+0.1
K p D/B
Nq the same Nq Terzaghi ; N=(Nq-1)tg(1.4

B: Width of footing

From general equation
After Meyerhof (1963)
qd = C.Nc.Fcs.Fcd.Fci+ s D Nq. Fqs.Fqd.Fqi +0.5BNFs.Fd.Fi
qnet =C.Nc.Fcs.Fcd.Fci+ s D (Nq-1). Fqs.Fqd.Fqi +0.5BNFs.Fd.Fi
Nq by Reissner1924 ; Nc by Prandtl1921 ; N by Caquot and
Kerisel 1953 and by Vessic 1973
B: Width of footing
Bearing factor
Shape factor by De Beer 1970
Fcs=1+B/L.Nq/Nc
Fqs=1+B/L.tg
Fs=1-0.4.B/L
Depth factor by Hansen 1970
Condition D/B<1
Fcd=1+0.4D/B
Fqd=1+2.tg(1-sin)2D/B
Fd=1
Bearing factor
Depth factor by Hansen 1970
Condition D/B>1
Fcd=1+0.4.arctg(D/B)
Fqd=1+2.tg(1-sin)2.arctg(D/B)
Fd=1
Inclined factor by Meyerhof 1963 Meyerhof and
Hanna 1981
Fci=Fqi=(1-90)2
Fi=(1-)2
Bearing capacity of mat foundation

The gross ultimate bearing capacity of a mat
foundation can be determined by the same
equation used for shallow foundation.
A suitable factor of safety should be used to
calculate the net allowable bearing capacity.For
rafts on clay, the factor of safety should not be
less than 3 under dead load and maximum live
load.However, under the most extreme
conditions,the factor of safety should be at least
1.75 to 2. For rafts constructed over sand,a factor
of safety of 3 should normally be used.
Ultimate bearing capacity equation

for mat foundation on saturated clay
qnet (u )
Df
0.195B
5.14Cu (1
)(1 0.4 )
L
B
Structural
Design of
Mat
Foundation
eX and eY are the load eccentricities in the direction

of the X and Y
Q X'
X '
QY'
Y '
B
e X X '
2
L
e y Y '
2
Conventional Rigid Method

Step1: Calculate the total column load
Q Qi
Step2: Determine the pressure on the soil (q)

below the mat at point A, B, Cby using the
equation
Q M y X M xY
q
A
Iy
Ix
M x Qe y
M y Qex
Where
A=BL
Ix=(1/12)BL3 : moment of inertia about the X
axis
IY=(1/12)LB3 : moment of inertia about the Y
axis
Mx : moment of the column load about the X
axis = Q.eY
MY : moment of the column load about the Y
axis = Q.ex
Step 3: Compare the values of the soil pressures

determine in step 2 with the net allowable soil
pressure to check if q<qall(net)
Step 4: Divide the mat into several strips in X and
Y direction. Let the width of any strip be B 1.
Step 5: Draw the shear and moment diagrams for
each individual strip in X and Y direction. For
example, take bottom strip in the X direction its
average soil pressure can be given as:
qav=1/2(ql+qF)
Where ql and qF soil pressures at point I and F
The total soil reaction is equal to qavBB1 because the
shear between the adjacent strips has not been taken
into account. for this reason, the soil reaction and the
column load need to be adjusted
Qav
qav BB1 Qi
2
qav (mod ified )
Qav
qav
qav BB1
Q1
Q2
Q3
X1
Q4
X2
X3
q
S3
S1
Y1
S5
Y3
Y2
S7
Y5
Y6
Y4
S4
S2
Shear diagram
S8
S6
determine shear on beam
S1=q.b/2
S2=S1-Q1
S3=q(x1+b/2)-Q1
S4=S3-Q2
S5=q(x1+x2+b/2)-Q1-Q2
S6=S5-Q3
S7=q(x1+x2+x3+b/2)-Q1-Q2-Q3
S8=S7-Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
X1
Q4
X2
X3
M3
M5
M1
M7
M4
S5
S3
S1
Y1
M6
Y3
M2
Y2
Y5
Y6
Y4
S4
S2
S7
S8
S6
Moment diagram
Determine moment
M1=q.b2/8
M2=0.5q(Y1+b/2)2 - Q1Y1
M3=0.5q(X1+b/2)2 - Q1X1
M4=0.5q(b/2+X1+Y3)2 - Q1(X1+Y3)-Q2Y3
M5=0.5q(b/2+X1+X2)2 - Q1(X1+X2)-Q2X2
M6=0.5q(b/2+X1+X2+Y5)2 - Q1(X1+X2+Y5) Q2(X2+Y5)-Q3Y5
M7=0.5q(b/2+X1+X2+X3)2 Q1(X1+X2+X3)Q2(X2+X3)-Q3X3
Also, the column load modification factor is
Qav
F
Qi
So the modified column load are FQi
Now the shear and moment diagram for this strip can
be drawn. this procedure can be repeated for all
strips in the X and Y direction.
Step 6: determine depth of the mat d. This can be done

by checking for diagonal tension shear near various
column. According to ACI Code 318-95(section
11.122.1c). For critical section
U b0 d (0.34) f 'c
Where:
-U : Factored column load (MN)=F
- Reduction factor =0.85
-fc : Compressive strength of concrete 28 days

(MN/M2)
The unit of b0 and d in the preceding equation

are in meters. The expression of b 0 in term of
d, which depends on the location of the
column with respect to the plan of the mat,
can be obtained from Figure 4.8c.
Step 7: from the moment diagrams of all strips
in a given direction (that is X or Y), obtain the
maximum positive and negative moments per
unit width M=M/B1
Step8: Determine the areas of steel per unit width for

positive and negative reinforcement in X and Y
directions from the following equations.
a
M U M ' (load . factor ) AS f y (d )
2
AS f y
0.85 f 'c b
Where:
-As: area of steel per unit width
-fY :Yield stress of reinforcement in tension
-Mu :Factored moment
Verify the stable of footing

Q
D
Qf
Qs
B&L
Qtotal=Q+Qf+Qs
Q- load apply by column
Qf load of footing
Qs load of soil above footing
Depth of footing
Qtotal
D
1 sin
1 sin
Allowable bearing capacity

Net ultimate bearing capacity
qnet=qd- s.D
Net allowable bearing capacity
qnetall=qnet/FS
FS-Safety factor =3
Gross allowable bearing capacity
qall=qnetall+ s.D
Verify stable of footing

q
all
net
BL
And verify the stable of

footing from equation
qall
Qtotal
BL
We find value of B
Structural Design of Foundation

1-Shear force
Critical section for one way shear capacity Ly/Lx>2
a
b
Lx
d
d
d
d=effective depth
Ly
Vu
v
Lx d
Vu-factored vertical shear force

Lx-breadth of critical section

Critical section for two way shear capacity Ly/Lx<2
a
b
Lx
d/2
d
d/2
d=effective depth
Ly
Vu
v
b0 d
bo-periphery of the critical section
Limiting of effective depth

Ly
Lx b
Lx b
(d a & d b ) Ly a
4
Q
b Q
a Q
Lx L y
: Lx
.
orLy
.
qall
a qall
b qall

If the reinforcement is not provided, the nominal
shear stress at the critical section should not
exceed K
k s 0.5 e
s c
Short dimension of column or pedestal

Long dimension of column or pedestal
c 0.25 ck N / mm 2
ck
compression strength of concrete
Transfer of Load at Base of Column

The permissible bearing stress on full area of concrete
is given by:
br 0.45 ck
Where br is the bearing stress and
ck is the compressive strength of concrete
Transfer of Load at Base of Column

Since the footing area is much larger then the
column area, the permissible bearing stress for

concrete in such case be specified as
br 0.45 ck
A1
0.90 ck
A2
A1=maximum area of the portion of the supporting
surface that is geometrically similar to and concentric

with the loaded area
A2=loaded area at the column base
Bearing area in a stepped or sloped footing
Loaded area A2
Loaded area A1
Slope 2 horizontal : 1 vertical
Reinforcement of Dowel bars

Minimum area of extended longitudinal bars or dowels
must be 0.5% of cross-section area of the supported

column or pedestal.
A minimum of four bars must be provided.
If dowels are used, their diameter should not exceed
the diameter of the column bars by more than 3mm
Column bars of diameter larger than 36mm, in
compression only can be doweled into the footing with
bars of smaller diameters. The dowel must extend into
the column a distance equal to the development
length of the column bars. at the same time, the dowel
must extend vertically into the footing up to a distance
equal to the development length of the dowel
Reinforcement of Dowel bars
Column bars
Angles 45degree
Dowel bars
Bond length in
compression for
anchorage
Tensile Reinforcement
In one way reinforced footings, the reinforcement
must be distributed uniformly across the full width of

the footing
In two way reinforced square footing, the
reinforcement extending in each direction must be
distributed uniformly across the full width of the
footing.
In two way reinforced rectangular footing, the
reinforcement in the longer direction should be
distributed uniformly across the full width of the
footing. The reinforcement in the short direction
should be provided by dividing the length in three
zones :
Zones for reinforcement in a

rectangular footing
Ly
Lx
End
Zone
0.5(Ly-Lx)
Central
Zone
Lx
End
Zone
0.5(Ly-Lx)
The reinforcement in the central zone should be provided in

accordance with the following equation
2 At
Ato
Ly
1
Lx
A to= area of reinforcement in center

band
At=total area of reinforcement in the
shorter direction
Lx=length of the shorter side
Ly=length of the longer side
Ate=area of reinforcement in one end
band
The reinforcement in each of the

three zone must be distributed
The reinforcement in uniformly
each of the end zone should be provided in
accordance with the following equation
Ate 0.5( At Ato )
Structural Design
The bending moment at any section is equated to the resisting moment
f y Ast
M 0.87 f y Ast d
f ck B
f
Ast 0.5 ck
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
M=bending moment
fck=Compressive strength of concrete
fy=Yield strength of steel
d=effective depth of the cross-section of the footing
B=width of footing
Ast=area of steel reinforcement
Bd
Limiting moment of resistance

values (N.mm)
Grade of
concrete
Fe 250 steel
Fe 415 steel
Fe 500 steel
General
0.148.fck.b.d2
0.138.fck.b.d2
0.133.fck.b.d2
M15
2.22 bd2
2.07 bd2
2.0 bd2
M20
2.96 bd2
2.76 bd2
2.66 bd2
M25
3.70 bd2
3.45 bd2
3.33 bd2
Limiting tensile steel in rectangular

section
Grade of
concrete
N/mm2
Percentage of tensile steel

250N/mm2
415N/mm2
500N/mm2
15
1.32
0.72
0.57
20
1.76
0.96
0.76
25
2.2
1.19
0.94
30
2.64
1.43
1.13
Structural design for square footing

Soil pressure
Q
A
qall
Approximate weight of footing including earth

Actual area of footing required
Aact
Qtotal
qall
The net earth pressure acting upward due to

factored load
Where 1.5 is the partial safety factor
Qtotal s DA Q
1.5Q
q
Aact
Bending moment
2
1
B b
M q B

2
2
Bending moment at any section is given by:
The effective depth required is
Verify d with the condition
M 0.138 f ck Bd 2
M
0.138 f ck B
B b
(d a & d b ) L a
4
Reinforcement
The area tension steel can be obtained by solving the quadratic
equation
f ck
Ast 0.5
fy
Percent reinforcement
6
4
.
6
M
10
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
Bd
Ast 100
Pr
Bd
maximum spacing of bars from

center to center
@ max 0.75d
Critical section for moment and one

way shear
X
Critical section for moment and

Two way shear
X
d/2
Shear force
For shear One - Way Action
Nominal shear stress v
Vu
0.85
c
0.8 f ck
Bd
6
For shear Two - Way Action
Nominal shear stress
B b
Vu q B
d
2
1 5 1
Vu q B b d
2
Vu
v
'c K s 0.25 f ck
b0 d
b0 4 (b d )
K s 0.5
b
1
a
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
Development length of reinforcement

Design bond stress bd for mild steel bars
Concrete
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
bd N/mm2
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.9
Ld
0.87 f ck
B b
50
4 1.6 bd 2
where 1.6 is a factor due to deformed bars

Actual embedment provided from the face of the column
B b
50
Load transfer from Column to Footing

Nominal bearing stress in the column concrete
1.5Q
cr
0.45 f ck
Af
Allowable bearing stress
0.45 f ck
Determine deflection of footing

Youngs modulus of concrete
E f 4700 f ck
Moment of inertia of the beam concrete
Modulus of subgrade reaction
Bd 3
If
12
1
Es B 4
Es
Ks
0
.
65
12
B ( mm)
E f I f 1 2
Maximum deflection (mm)
Where:
1.5qall
Ks
Es=Youngs modulus of soil
= Poissons ratio of soil

1.5= Load factor
Reinforcement in the footing base
both ways
(n bars)
B
b

b
Diagram of Moment Shear and Deflection

Q
d
B
q
Mmax
Smax
Smax
Structural design for Rectangular

footing
Q
Soil pressure
qall
Approximate weight of footing including earth

Actual area of footing required
Aact
Qtotal
B L
qall
The net earth pressure acting upward due to

factored load
Qtotal s DA Q
1.5Q
q
Aact
Bending moment
2
1
B b
M2 q L

2
2
1
La
M1 q B

2
2
Take value maximum of bending moment for determine d

Bending moment at any section is given by:
Verify d with the condition
M 1 0.138 f ck Ld
M
0.138 f ck L
B b
(d a & d b ) L a
4
Reinforcement

equation for moment M1
f ck
Ast 1 0.5
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
Bd

equation for moment M2
Ast 2
f ck
0.5
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
2
1 1
2
f
Ld
ck
Percent reinforcement
Ast 1 100
Pr
Bd
Ld
Reinforcement
Area in central band of width B is given by
Remaining area in each end band strip
Ast 2( B )
2 Ast 2
L
1
B
Ast ( remain )
This remaining bars provided in each end band of

width
Ast 2 Ast 2 ( B )
2
LB
Shear force
For shear One - Way Action
La
Vu q B
d
2
Nominal shear stress Vu 0.85 0.8 f

v
c
ck
Bd
For shear Two - Way Action
1 5 1
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
F q BL a b b d
F
v
'c K s 0.25 f ck
2 a b b d d
b
K s 0.5 1
a
Development length of reinforcement

Design bond stress bd for mild steel bars
Concrete
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
bd N/mm2
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.9
Ld
0.87 f ck
B b
50
4 1.6 bd 2
where 1.6 is a factor due to deformed bars

Actual embedment provided from the face of the column
B b
50
Load transfer from Column to

Footing
Nominal bearing stress in the column concrete
1.5Q
cr
0.45 f ck
Af
A1
A2
Allowable bearing stress
A1 a 2 2 d
0.45 f ck
A1
A2
A2 a b

E f 4700 f ck
Bd 3
If
12
1
Es B 4
Es
Ks
0
.
65
12
B ( mm)
E f I f 1 2
Where:
1.5qall
Ks

1.5= Load factor
(L-B)/2
B
L
(L-B)/2

a
When effect water table
D
d
D1
D2
Water level case I

B
Water level case II
When effect water table

1-In case I if the water table is located so that
0<D1<D, so we will change the factor
s.D
D1+D2(sat-w)
Also value in the last term of the equation has
to be replaced by = (sat-w)
2-In case II for a water table located so 0<d<B
value in the last term of the equation has to be
replaced by cal= +d/B.()
Stable of footing when effect

inclined load
qall>V/(BL)
Q
H
Tall>H
V=Q.Cos
Q.Sin
T=V.tg(2/3)+2/3.C.B.L.
Tall=T/1.5
T
B
When effect 0ne way bending

We change B to B formoment
calculate bearing capacity
Q
B=B-2eB
MB
eB=MB/Q
Footing when effect one way bending moment

Q
When eB<B/6
MB
Varying pressure
Q QeB B
q
BB'
2I
MB
QeB B
y
I
I 2
B' B
I
12
Q=axial load
MB=moment
eB=eccentricity measure
from the center line of the
footing
I=moment of inertial of the
footing
Y=B/2
qmax
=
Q
6e B
(1
)
BB '
B
B
Verify stable of footing when

effect one way bending moment
When eB<B/6
qall qmax
Q
qmin
Q
6e B
(1
)
BB '
B
MB
qmax
Q
6e B
(1
)
BB'
B

effect one way bending moment
When eB>B/6
qall qmax
Q
MB
qmax
Not recommended
4Q
3 B ( B 2e B )
Foundation with two way

Eccentricity
For calculate bearing capacity we have to change:
Q
B to B=B-2eB
ML
L to L=L-2eL
A=B*L
MB
L
eB=MB/Q
eL=ML/Q

effect two way bending moment
Qult= qu.A
Case eL/L>1/6
eB/B>1/6
B1=B(1.5-3eB/B)
L1=L(1.5-3eL/L)
B=A/L
Verify stable of footing when effect

two way bending moment
Qult= qu.A
Case 1/6<eL/L<0.5
0<eB/B<1/6
A=0.5(L1+L2)B
B=A/L1
Verify stable of
footing when effect
two way bending
moment
Q = q .A
ult
Case eL/L< 1/6

1/6<eB/B< 0.5
A=0.5(B1+B2)L
B=A/L
Verify stable of footing

when effect two way
bending moment
Qult= qu.A
Case eL/L< 1/6
eB/B< 1/6
A= L2B+0.5(B+B2)(L-L2)
B=A/L
Footing on two layer
c1
c2
d1
Bearing capacity of footing

on two layer
1- Determine influenced thickness
1- Determine influenced thickness

H=0.5Btg(45+
If H<d1 : our footing not effect on second layer,
so we calculate the soils bearing capacity by
using values C1,
If H>d1 : our footing effect on second layer, so
we calculate the soils bearing capacity by using
condition as follows:
Bearing capacity of footing on

two
layer
From TSA condition
1- Design CR=CU2/CU1
If CR<1 :
Nc
1,5d1
5,14CR
B
< 5.14 for strip footing
3d1
Nc
6,05CR < 6.05 for spread footing
B
so we calculate the soils bearing capacity by using equation

qnet=C u1NC
If CR>0.7 the value of NC is decrease 10%

on two layer
If CR>1 :
for strip footing
N1
0,5 B
4,14
d1
1,1B
N2
4,14
d1
for spread footing
0,33B
N1
5,05
d1
0,66 B
N2
5,05
d1
N1 N 2
Nc
2
N1 N 2
so we calculate the soils bearing capacity by

using equation
qnet=C u1NC

on two
layer
From general equation
1
1- Determine the average values of soils parameter
d11 ( H d1 ) 2
'
H
d1c1 ( H d1 )c 2
c'
H
2- Determine the soils bearing capacity by using

values
C and

on
two
layer
From general equation 2
1- Determine the bearing capacity for first layer
qnet1 = C1.Nc.Fcs.Fcd.Fci+ s D (Nq-1). Fqs.Fqd.Fqi +0.5 BNFs.Fd.Fi
2- Determine the soils bearing capacity for

second layer
qnet2= C2.Nc.Fcs.Fcd.Fci+( s D+ 1d1) (Nq-1). Fqs.Fqd.Fqi +0.5. BNFs.Fd.Fi

on
two
layer
From general equation 2
3- Determine the bearing capacity
P PV K s tan 1 Pd1C1
qnet < qqnetnet1
2
Af
P
Pv
= 2(B+L)
= 0.5 1 d12+ s D d1
Ks =1-sin1
Af =BL
Af
Bearing capacity from in situ

test test
From static cone penetration
1- for B<1.22m
qallowable =
qc
15
2- for B>1.22m
qallowable =
qc 3,28 B 1
25
3,28 B
From dynamic cone penetration test

qallowable = Rd
20
Bearing capacity from in situ test

From standard penetration test SPT by Meyerhof(1965)
1- for B<1.22m
N 60
D
q net ( KN / m )
1 0.33
0.05
B
all
S e (mm)
25
2- for B>1.22m
2
N 60 B 0.3
D
q net ( KN / m )
1 0.33
0.08
B
B
all
S e (mm)
25
Combined footing
Rectangular combined footing
b1
Q1
X1
Q1+Q2
L3
L1
Q2
b2
L2
Section
q
Plan
Deflection under Combined footing in both direction
L1
Q1
Q1+Q2
X
L3
Q2
L2
Design dimension of rectangular

combined footing
Determine the area of the footing
Q1 Q2
A
qall ( net )
Determine the location of the resultant of the

column loads
Q2 .L3
X
Q1 Q2
For uniform distribution of soil pressure under the
foundation, the resultant of the column loads should

pass through the centroid of the foundation.Thus,
L 2( L1 X )
Design dimension of rectangular

combined footing
Once the length L is determined,obtain the
value of L1
L1 L L2 L3
Note that the magnitude of L2 will be known and

depends on the location of the property line
The width of the foundation then is B A
Structural design of Combined footing

Longitudinal bending moment and shear
S2
S3
L1
X2
S1
L2
X1
M max
M1
S4
M2
Net upward soil pressure q=1.5qallB

Where 1.5 is load factor
Maximum shear force at the center line of
column 1: S1=-qL1 and S2=1.5Q1-S1
Maximum shear force at the center line of
column 2: S3=qL3 and S4=S3-1.5Q2
Point of zero shear force from the center line
of column 1:
S2/X1=(value absolute of S4)/(L3-X1)
Maximum moment computed from left side:

M max=0.5q(L1+X1)2-1.5Q1X1
Maximum moment computed from right side:
M max=0.5q(L3+X2)2-1.5Q2X2
Take value maximum of 2 moment max in
calculation
Bending moment at face of column 1:
M1=0.5q(L1-0.5b1)2
Bending moment at face of column 2:
M2=0.5q(L2-0.5b2)2
M
d
0.138 f ck L
Main negative longitudinal reinforcement
f
Ast 0.5 ck
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
max
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
Bd
development length of reinforcement
Ld
0.87 f ck B b
50
4 bd
2
Percentage of reinforcement
Ast 1 100
Pr
Bd
Shear force
For shear One - Way Action column 2
Nominal shear stress v
b2
d
2
Vu S 4 q
Vu
0.85
c
0.8 f ck
Bd
6
1 5 1
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
For shear Two - Way Action: the critical section is taken at a distance 0.5d
away from face of column. the net shear force at the periphery given by :
b2 d
F 1.5Q1 qall

2 2
d
4 b2 d
2
'c K s 0.25 f ck
b
K s 0.5 1
a
Point of inflection
Let us assume that zero bending moment
occurs at a distance x from the center of
column 1. then taken moment about the point
of inflection : 0.5q(L1+x)2-1.5Q1x=0
Similarly the point of inflection near column 2
can be obtained, that is : 0.5q(L 2+x)2-1.5Q2X=0
Positive longitudinal reinforcement at bottom of footing

beyond column face
The area of tension steel is given by:
f
Ast 1 0.5 ck
fy
Ast 2
f
0.5 ck
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
Bd
6
4
.
6
M
10
2
1 1
2
f
Bd
ck
Bd
Transverse reinforcement
Effective depth :
d=adopt overall depth-cover-(bar)
Width of bending strip at column 1:
b1+2d so width available to the left of outer face of
column 1is L1-b1/2 then (B1)=L1+b1/2+B1+d
Factored upward pressure under column1:q=1.5Q1/B
Bending moment at the face of column 1:

M=0.5q((B-b1)/2)2
f ck
Ast 1 0.5
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1 1
2
f
B
d
ck 1
Bd
1
Factored upward pressure under column2:

q=1.5Q2/B
Bending moment at the face of column 2:
M=0.5q((B-b2)/2)2
Width of bending strip at column B(2)=b2+2d
f
Ast 1 0.5 ck
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1 1
2
f
B
d
ck 2
Bd
2

E f 4700 f ck
Bd 3
If
12
1
Es B 4
Es
Ks
0
.
65
12
B ( mm)
E f I f 1 2
Where:
1.5qall
Ks

1.5= Load factor
B2
B1
L
Combined footing
Trapezoidal combined footing
Q +Q
Q1
Section
L2
Q2
L3
L1
Plan
B1
B2
Design dimension of trapezoidal

combined footing
Determine the area of the footing
And we have relation
Q1 Q2
A
qall ( net )
B1 B2
A
L
2
Determine the location of the resultant of the

column loads
Q2 .L3
X
Q1 Q2
Design dimension of trapezoidal

combined footing
From the property of a trapezoid, we have
B1 2 B2
X L2
B1 B2
With Known values of A,L,X and L2 we can find

values of B1 and B2, Note that for a trapezoid,
L
L
X L2
3
2
Q1
Combined footing
Cantilever footing
Q
b1
Section
e R
1
L1
Plan
R2
B2
b2
Design dimension of
Cantilever footing
Design arm moment for soils reaction

strength R1
S=S-e (value of e is proposed by designer)
Design soils reaction strength
S
R1 Q1
S'
Q1.e
R2 Q2
S'
R2 Q1 Q2 R1
Design dimension of
Cantilever footing
Design the dimension of first footing

R1
A1 all
qnet
b1
L1 2 e
2
A1
B1
L1
C is length of column
Design the dimension of second footing
R2
A2 all
qnet
A2
B2
L2
Structural design for strap footing

1.5 Q1 Q2
p
Net stress soil pressure intensity is given by
Where A1 is the area of footing 1
A1 A2
A2 is the area of footing 2
1
Design of footing slap for column 1 a1 b1 b1
2
a12
B1
Maximum bending moment of footing slap for column 1 M 1 p0
2
M1
The effective depth required is d1
0.138 f ck B1
Reinforcement
f ck
Ast 1 0.5
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
1
1 1
2
f
B
d
ck
1
Reinforcement in another direction
Bd
1 1
0.12
Ast
B1d1
100
Design of footing slap for column 2 a2
1
B2 b2
2
a22
Maximum bending moment of footing slap for column 2 M 2 p0
B2
2
Reinforcement
Ast 2
f ck
0.5
fy
M2
d2
0.138 f ck B2
6
4
.
6
M
10
2
1 1
2
f
B
d
ck
2
Reinforcement in another direction Ast
Bd
2 2
0.12
B2 d 2
100
Bending moment and shear force

diagrams strap beam
Upward load q per meter run on strap beam is
given by:
q1=p0B1 and q2=p0B2
Downward load of column 1:W1=1.5Q1/b1
Downward load of column 2:W2=1.5Q2/b2

Shear force at the inner face of column 1:
S1=q1(b1/2-b1/2)
Shear force at the outer face of column 1:
S2=1.5Q1-q1b1/2
Shear force at the edge D:

S3=S4=1.5Q1-q1B1
Shear force at the inner face of column 2:
S5=q2(B2/2)-1.5Q2
Shear force at the outer face of column 2:
S6=q2(B2-b2)/2
In the range EF shear force is zero at distance x
from F and its value is given by:
value absolute of S5-q2[x-(a2+b2)]
The hogging bending moment is maximum at
this section, its value given by
M1=q2.x2/2-W2.b2.(x-a2-b2/2)
Bending moment at the edge D is given by:

M2=q1.B12/2-W1.b1(B1-b1/2)
Bending moment at the outer face of column 2
is given by:
M3=q2(a22/2)
Take the value maximum of moment into the
calculation:
M2
Effective depth of beam d 0.138 f b
ck
Where bs is the width of beam
Reinforcement
For bending moment M1
f
Ast 1 0.5 ck
fy
For bending moment M2
f
0.5 ck
fy
Ast 2
6
4
.
6
M
10
1
s 1 1
2
f
b
d
ck s
bd
s
6
4
.
6
M
10
2
1 1
2
f
b
d
ck s
bd
s
Take value maximum of Ast

These bars should be checked for development length to safety the
criteria :
0.87 f y
M2
L0 Ld
F4
4 bd
L0 max{12 : d }
Shear diagram
L1
B2
W1
F
W2
q1
q2
S6
S2
S3
S4
S1
S5
Shear and Moment diagram

M2
M1
M3
W1
F
W2
q1
q2
S6
S2
S3
S1
S4
S5
x
Near support 2:
L0=b2/2-cover+anchorage(13)
0.87 f y
M2
L0 Ld
F5
4 bd
The required total depth: D=d+10+0.5 +cover

Similarly at the outer face of column 2 :
f
Ast 0.5 ck
fy
6
4
.
6
M
10
3
s 1 1
2
f
b
D
ck s
bD
s
These bars should be checked for development length to safety the

criteria :
0.87 f y
M3
1.3
L0 Ld
F6
4 bd
L0 max{12 : D}
reinforcement for diagonal tension

Percentage of reinforcement
Ast 100
Pr
bs d
Vc
0.85
c
0.8 f ck
bs d
6
1 5 1
0.8 f ck
6.89 Pr
Shear reinforcement is necessary wherever shear force exceeds Vc, so
Vus S Vc
For 4- legged stirrups
Sv
0.87 f y Asv d
Vus
Asv 4
4
Determine Vus and Sv at point S1 , S5 and S6

Maximum spacing of nominal stirrups is given
by:
S v min
2.5 f y Asv
b
S v max 0.75d 450mm
Steel arrangement
Q1
Q2
S
Section
L1
Plan
B2
Rock quality
Rock quality designation(RQD) is an index or
measure of the quality of a rock mass(Stagg and

Zienkiewicz 1968) used by many engineers.RQD is
computed from recovered core samples as
length of intact pieces of core 100mm
RQD
Length of core advance
A core advance of 1500mm produced a sample
length of 1310mm consisting of dust,gravel,and intact

pieces of rock.The sum of length of pieces 100mm or
larger in length is 890mm.The recovery ratio
Lr=1310/1500=0.87 and RQD=890/1500=0.59
Allowable Bearing capacity of

rock
The allowable bearing capacity is
depending on geology,rock type,and

quality(as RQD).
If RQD>0.8 would not require as high an
FS as for RQD=0.4.
We take FS from 6 to 10 for RQD less
than about 0.75
Bearing capacity for sound rock
quc 2c' tan 45

2
)
2
N c 5 tan 4 (45 )
2
N N q 1
N q tan 6 (45
For calculate bearing capacity

we use equation Terzaghi
=45 degree for most rock except

limestone or shale where values
between 38 to 45 degree.
Similarly we could in most cases
estimate Cu=5MPa as a
conservative value.
And finally we may reduce the
ultimate bearing capacity base on
RQD as:
qult(cal)=qult(RQD)2
Table 4.2 Range of the Unconfined Compression Strength

of Various Types of Rocks
quc
Rock type
Granite
Limestone
Sandstone
Shale
MN/m2
65250
30150
25130
540
Phi
kip/m2
9.536
4.022
3.519
0.756
(deg)
4555
3545
3045
1530
Rang of properties for selected rock

groups;data from several sources
Type of
rock
Unit wt.(KN/m3) E(MPa.103)
qu((Mpa)
Basalt
28
17-103
0.27-0.32
170-415
Granite
26.4
14-83
0.26-0.30
70-276
Schist
26
7-83
0.18-0.22
35-105
Limestone
26
21-103
0.24-0.45
35-170
Porous
limestone
3-83
0.35-0.45
7-35
Sandstone
22.8-23.6
3-42
0.20-0.45
28-138
Shale
15.7-2.2
3-21
0.25-0.45
7-40
concrete
15.7-23.6
variable
0.15
15-40
Settlement of shallow
foundation
There are two types of settlement
1-Immediate settlement or elastic settlement S e

for sandy soils
2-Consolidation settlement Sc for fine grained
soils
2-1-Primary consolidation settlement for
inorganic soils
2-2-Secondary consolidation settlement for
organics soils
Immediate settlement on sandy soils

Foundation could be considered fully flexible or fully
rigid
1-A uniformly loaded, perfectly flexible foundation
resting on an elastic material such as saturated clay
will have a sagging profile as shown in figure
1,because of elastic settlement.
2-If the foundation is rigid and is resting on an
elastic material such as clay,it will undergo uniform
settlement and the contact pressure will be
redistributed as shown in figure 2.
Type of foundation settlement
Figure 1
Settlement profile
Settlement profile
Figure 2
Calculate immediate
settlement
Q
q0
Poissons ratio
E-Modulus of elasticity
Soil
Rock
Calculate immediate
At corner of thesettlement
flexible foundation S Bq
e
(1 )
E
2
0
Bq0
2
S
(
1
)
At center of the flexible foundation e E
1
ln

1 m 2 m
1 m 2 m
m ln
1 m 2 1
2
1 m 1
L
m
B
Average settlement for flexible foundation

Bq0
Se
Bq0
Settlement for rigid foundation
S
(1 2 )
e
(1 2 ) av
Value of
Shape of
foundation
Flexible foundation
Center Corner Average
Circular
Square
1
1.12
L/B=1.5
L/B=5.0
L/B=10
1.36
2.1
2.54
0.64
0.85
0.56
0.95
Rectangular
0.68
1.15
1.05
1.83
1.27
2.25
Rigid
foundation
0.79
0.82
1.06
1.7
2.1
Immediate settlement of
foundation on saturated clay
Janbu et al.(1956)proposed an equation

for evaluating the average settlement of
flexible foundations on saturated clay soils
(Poissons ratio
q0 B
S e A1. A2
E
Variation of A1 With H/B by Christian and

Carrier(1978)
H/B
A1
Circle
1
2
4
6
8
10
20
30
0.36
0.47
0.58
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.66
1
0.36
0.53
0.63
0.67
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.73
2
0.36
0.63
0.82
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.93
0.95
L/B
3
0.36
0.64
0.94
1.08
1.13
1.18
1.26
1.29
4
0.36
0.64
0.94
1.14
1.22
1.30
1.47
1.54
5
0.36
0.64
0.94
1.16
1.26
1.42
1.74
1.84
Variation of A2With D/B by Christian

D/B
and Carrier(1978)A2
0
2
1
0.9
4
6
0.88
0.875
8
10
0.87
0.865
12
14
0.863
0.86
16
18
0.856
0.854
20
0.85
Consolidation settlement
For normally consolidated clay 0 p

Cc .H
'o
S
log
1 eo
'o
WL (%)
Cc 0.2343
.s
100
1
( t 4 m b )
6
'P 22 I P
0.48
'P 7.04Cu
Cu
0.83
N
'P 0.193 0 '.
0 '
By Mayne & Mitchell

By Mitchell(1988)
0.689
By Mayne & Kemper(1988)
Consolidation settlement
For over consolidated clay 0<p
1- 'O + 'P
Cs.H
'o
S
log
1 eo
'o
W (%)
Cs 0,0463 L
.s
100
2- 'O + > 'P

'o
Cs.H
'P Cc.H
S
. log
. log
1 eo
'o 1 eo
'P
Tolerable Settlement of
building
Settlement analysis is an important part

of the design and construction of
foundation
Large settlement of various component of
structure may lead to considerable
damage or may interfere with the proper
functioning of the structure.
Settlement of foundation
i-total displacement at
point i
ij-different settlement
between point i and j
relative deflection
ij
ij= lij
angular
distortion
L=deflection ratio
Limiting angular distortion as recommended

by Bjerrum(Compiled from Wahls,1981)
damage Category of potential
Danger to machinery sensitive to settlement
Danger to frames with diagonals
Safe limit for no cracking of building
First cracking of panel walls
Difficulties with overhead cranes
Tilting of high rigid building becomes visible
Considerable cracking of panel and brick walls
Danger of structure damage to general building
Safe limit for flexible brick walls L/H>4
Safe limit include a factor of safety
1/750
1/600
1/500
1/300
1/300
1/250
1/150
1/150
1/150
Allowable settlement criteria:1955 U.S.S.R

Building code(compiled from walhls,1981)
Type of structure
Sand and hard clay Plastic clay
Civil and industrial building column foundation
For steel and reinforced concrete structure
0.002
0.002
For end rows of columns with brick cladding
0.007
0.001
For structure where auxiliary strain does not arise during

Nonuniform settlement of foundation
0.005
0.005
Tilt of smokestacks,tower,silos,and so on
0.004
0.004
Crane ways
0.003
0.003
/L
Plain brick walls
For multistory dwelling and civil building
At L/H<3
0.0003
0.0004
At L/H>5
0.0005
0.0007
For one-story mills
0.0010
0.0010
Allowable average settlement for different building

type(compiled from Wahls,1981)
Type of building
Allowable average
settlement(mm)
Building with plain brick walls

L/H>2.5
80
L/H<1.5
100
Building with brick walls,reinforced with

reinforced concrete or reinforced brick
150
Framed building
100
Solid reinforced concrete foundation of

smokestacks,silos,towers,and so on
300
Deep foundation
Need for pile foundation
1-When the upper soils layers are highly compressible

and too weak to support the load transmitted by the
superstructure, piles are used to transmit the load to
underlying bedrock or stronger soil layer.
2-When subjected to horizontal force, pile foundations
resist by bending while still supporting the vertical load
transmitted by superstructure.This situation is
generally encountered in the design and construction
of earth-retaining structures and foundations of tall
structures that are subjected to strong wind and/or
earthquake forces.
Deep foundation
3-The expansive and collapsible soils may extend to a
great depth below the ground surface.These soils
swell and shrink as the water content increase and
decrease.If shallow foundations are used, the
structure may suffer considerable damage.The pile
have to extend into stable soil layer beyond the zone
of possible moisture change.
4-The foundation of some structures, such as
transmission towers,offshore platforms, and basement
mats below the water table, are subjected to uplifting
forces.Pile are sometime used for these foundations
to resist the uplifting force.
Deep foundation
5-Bridge abutments and piers are usually constructed

over pile foundations to avoid the possible loss of
bearing capacity that a shallow foundations might
suffer because of soil erosion at the ground surface.
Although numerous investigations, both theoretical
and experimental, have been conducted to predict the
behavior and the load-bearing capacity of piles in
granular and cohesive soils,the mechanisms are not
yet entirely understood and never be clear.The design
of pile foundations may be considered somewhat of
anartas a result of the uncertainties involved in
working with some subsoil condition.
Types of piles
Different types of piles are used in construction
work,depending on the type of load to be
carried, the subsoil conditions,and the water
table.Pile can be divided into these categories:
-Steel piles
-Concrete piles
-Wooden(timber)piles
-Composite piles
Comparisons of piles made of different materials

Pile type
Usual
length of
pile(m)
Maximum
length of
pile(m)
Steel
15-60
Practically
unlimited
Usual load Approximate

maximum
(KN)
load(KN)
300-1200
Advantages: a-Easy to handle with respect to cutoff and extension to the

desired length
b-Can stand high driving stresses

c-Can penetrate hard layer such as dense gravel,soft rock
d-High load-carrying capacity
disadvantages: a-Relatively costly material

b-High level of noise during pile driving
c-Subject to corrosion
d-H-piles may be damaged or deflected from the vertical
during driving through hard layers or past major obstructions

Pile type
Usual length
of pile(m)
Maximum
length of
pile(m)
Precast precast::10-15 precast::30

concrete Prestressed: Prestressed:
60
10-35
Usual
load
(KN)
Approximate
maximum
load(KN)
3003000
precast::800900
Prestressed:
7500-8500
Advantages: a-Can be subjected to hard driving

b-Corrosion resistant
c-Can be easy combined with concrete superstructure
disadvantages: a-Difficult to achieve proper cutoff

b-Difficult to transport

Pile type
Usual
length of
pile(m)
Maximum
length of
pile(m)
Cased castin place

concrete
5-15
15-40

maximum
(KN)
load(KN)
200-500
Advantages: a-Relatively cheap

b-Possibility of inspection before pouring concrete
c-Easy to extend
disadvantages: a-Difficult to splice after concreting

b-Think casings may be damages during driving
800

Pile type
Usual
length of
pile(m)
Maximum
length of
pile(m)
uncased
cast-in place
concrete
5-15
30-40

maximum
(KN)
load(KN)
300-500
700
Advantages: a-Initially economical

b-Can be finished at any elevation
disadvantages: a-Voids may be created if concrete is placed rapidly

b-In soft soils,the sides of the hole may cave in thus
Squeezing the concrete

Pile type
Usual
length of
pile(m)
Maximum
length of
pile(m)
Wood
10-15
30

maximum
(KN)
load(KN)
100-200
270
Advantages: a-Economical
b-Permanently submerged piles are fairly resistant to decay
c-Easy to handle
disadvantages: a- Decay above water table

b-Can be damaged in hard driving
c-Low load-bearing capacity
d-Low resistance to tensile load when splices
Typical concrete pile

Pile
Shape*
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
S
O
D
(mm)
254
254
305
305
356
356
406
406
457
457
508
508
559
559
610
610
Area of
cross
section
(cm)
645
536
929
768
1265
1045
1652
1368
2090
1729
2581
2136
3123
2587
3658
3078
Perimeter
(mm)
1016
838
1219
1016
1422
1168
1626
1346
1829
1524
2032
1677
2235
1854
2438
2032
Number of strands
12.7-mm
11.1-mm
diameter
diameter
4
4
5
4
6
5
8
7
10
8
12
10
15
12
18
15
4
4
6
5
8
7
11
9
13
11
16
14
20
16
23
19
Minimum
effective
prestress
force (kN)
312
258
449
369
610
503
796
658
1010
836
1245
1032
1508
1280
1793
1486
Section
modulus
(m x 10-3)
2.737
1.786
4.719
3.097
7.489
4.916
11.192
7.341
15.928
10.455
21.844
14.355
29.087
19.107
37.756
34.794
Design bearing
capacity (kN)
Concrete strength
(MN/m)
34.5
556
462
801
662
1091
901
1425
1180
1803
1491
2226
1842
2694
2231
3155
2655
41.4
778
555
962
795
1310
1082
1710
1416
2163
1790
2672
2239
3232
2678
3786
3186
Practical list of typical air and steam hammers

Maker of
hammer*
V
V
V
MKT
V
V
R
MKT
R
V
R
MKT
V
V
MKT
MKT
MKT
V
Model
no.
3100
540
060
OS-60
040
400C
8/0
S-20
5/0
200-C
150-C
S-14
140C
08
S-8
11B3
C-5
30-C
Type of
hammer
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Differential
Single acting
Single acting
Single acting
Differential
Differential
Single acting
Differential
Single acting
Single acting
Double acting
Double acting
Double acting
Rated energy
(kN-m)
407
271
244
244
163
154
110
82
77
68
66
51
49
35
35
26
22
10
Blows per
minute
58
48
62
55
60
100
35
60
44
98
95-105
60
103
50
55
95
110
133
Ram weight
(kN)
449
182
267
267
178
178
111
89
78
89
67
62
62
36
36
22
22
13
Practical list of typical diesel hammers

Maker of
hammer*
K
M
K
K
M
K
MKT
K
V
L
M
V
L
MKT
MKT
L
Model
no.
K150
MB70
K-60
K-45
M-43
K-35
DE70B
K-25
N-46
520
M-14S
N-33
440
DE20
DE-10
180
Rated energy
(kN-m)
379.7
191.2-86
143.2
123.5
113.9-51.3
96
85.4-57
68.8
44.1
35.7
35.3-16.1
33.4
24.7
24.4-16.3
11.9
11.0
Blows per minute

45-60
38-60
42-60
39-60
40-60
39-60
40-50
39-60
50-60
80-84
42-60
50-60
86-90
40-50
40-50
90-95
Piston weight
(kN)
147
71
59
44
42
34
31
25
18
23
13
13
18
9
5
8
Pile driven formulas

To develop the desired load-carrying capacity,a point bearing
pile must penetrate the dense soil layer sufficiently or have
sufficient contact with a layer of rock.This requirement cannot
always be satisfied by driving a pile to a predetermined depth
because soil profile vary.For that reason, several equations
have been developed to calculate the ultimate capacity of a pile
during driving.These dynamic equations are widely used in the
field to determine whether the pile has reached a satisfactory
bearing value at the predetermined depth.One of the earliest of
these dynamic equations-commonly referred to as the
Engineering News Record (ENR) formula-is derived from the
work-energy theory;that is : Energy imparted by the hammer
per blow =(pile resistance)(penetration per hammer blow)
ENR equations
WR h
Qu
S C
Where WR-Weight of the ram

h-height of fall of ram(Cm)
S-penetration of the pile per
hammer blow(Cm)
C-a constant
C=2.54 Cm for drop hammer
C=0.254Cm for steam hammer
Factor of safety FS=6
ENR equations for single and double acting

hammer
E .H E
Qu
S C
Where E-hammer efficiency

HE-rated energy of the hammer
S-penetration of the pile per hammer
blow(Cm)
C-a constant
C=0.254 Cm
Factor of safety FS=4 to 6
Modified ENR equations

EWR h WR n 2WP
Qu (
)(
)
S C WR WP

h-height of fall of the ram(Cm)
blow(Cm)
WP-weight of the pile
n-coefficient of restitution between
the ram and the pile cap
C=0.254 Cm
Factor of safety FS=4 to 6
Michigan state highway commission equations
After testing on 88 pile(1965)

Where WR-weight of the ram
1,25 EH E WR n 2WP
Qu
S C WR WP
WP-weight of the pile

blow(M)
C-a constant
C=2.54.103M
Factor of safety FS= 6
Danish equations
EH E
Qu
EH E L
S
2 AP EP

EP-modulus of elasticity of the pile
blow(M)
L-length of the pile
AP-area of the pile cross section
Factor of safety FS= 6
Pacific Coast Uniform Building Code equations

After International Conference of building
W nW
officials,1982
( EH )
Qu
WR WP
Qu L
S
AP E P

blow(M)
L-length of the pile
EP-modulus of elasticity of pile
n=0.25 for steel piles and n=0.1 for another piles
Factor of safety FS= 4 to 5
Value of E & n
Hammer type
Efficiency,E
Single and double acting hammers
0.7-0.85
Diesel hammers
0.8-0.9
Drop hammers
0.7-0.9
Pile material
Coefficient of restitution
n
Cast iron hammer and concrete pile

without cap
0.4-0.5
Wood cushion on steel pile
0.3-0.4
Wooden pile
0.25-0.3
Equation for estimation of pile

capacity
QU=QP+Qs
Where QU is ultimate load carrying capacity
of pile
QP is load carrying capacity of the pile
point
QS is frictional resistance
Pile foundation
Qu= Qp
Qu= Qp+Qs
Qs
Qs
Weak
soil
Qu= Qs
Weak
soil
Weak
soil
Lb
Qp
Qp
Rock
Qp
Strong soil layer
Strong soil layer
Minimum pile embedment depth

into founding soil strata
From civil engineering association forum
the minimum pile embedment depth into
bearing stratum is 3 times diameter of pile.
Load-carrying Capacity of the pile point,QP

from Terzaghis equation
QP=AP.qP=AP(CN *c+qN *q)
Where AP-area of pile tip
C-cohesion of the soil supporting the pile tip
qP-unit point resistance
q-effective vertical stress at the level of the pile
tip
N*C,N*q-bearing capacity factor after Caquot &
Kerisel
Nq e
*
7 tg
N ( N 1) cot
*
C
*
q
Load-carrying Capacity of the pile point,QP

from Eric Gervreau in Euro code 2000
QP=AP.qP=AP(1.3CN *c+50N *q)
C-cohesion of the soil supporting the pile
tip
N*C,N*q-bearing capacity factor after
Caquot & Kerisel
Nq e
*
7 tg
N ( N 1) cot
*
C
*
q
Critical depth
In the case of calculation of q, the normal
practice is to assume that q increases
linearly with depth from zero at ground
level to a maximum value q(max) at the tip
of pile.
However, extensive research carried out
by Vessic(1967) has indicated that q
varies linearly from the ground surface up
to a limited depth only beyond which q,
remains constant irrespective of the depth
of embedment of pile.
Critical depth
This phenomenon was attributed to arching of
SAND.
This depth within which q varies linearly with
depth may be called as the critical depth Dc.
From the curves given by Poulos (1980), we
may write
For 28<<36.5 we have Dc/B=5+0.24(-28)

For 36.5<<42 we have Dc/B=7+2.35(-36.5)
Critical depth
From Caquot & Kerisel Dc=B/4.N*q(2/3)
In Bearing Capacity Technical Guidance by Career
Development and Resources for Geotechnical
Engineers
-Dc = 10B, for loose silts and sands
-Dc = 15B, for medium dense silts and sands
-Dc = 20B, for dense silts and sands
-loose when
N<10 or <30
-medium dense when 10<N<30 or 30< <36

-dense when
30<N or 36<
Critical depth
This critical concept implies that fs for cohesionless
soil for a driven pile varies linearly with depth up to
depth Dc only and beyond this depth fs remains
constant.
Note that the application concept Dc in case the soil is
homogeneous for the whole depth of embedment D.
Since no information is available on the layered
system of soil, this approach has to be used with
caution. Tomlinson(1986) Bowles(1988) has not use of
this concept .This indicates that this method has
not yet found favor with the designer.
Load-carrying Capacity of the pile point in sand

from ESA condition after Meyerhof (1976)
QP=AP.qP=APqN *q
q-effective vertical stress at the level of
the pile tip
N*q-bearing capacity factor
QP=ApqN*q<Apqi
qi=50N*qtg (KN/M2)
As per Tomlinson, the maximum base resistance
qp is normally limited 11000KPa.
Load-carrying Capacity of the pile point in

sand from ESA condition after Meyerhof
(1976)
The angle to be use for determination

Nq* are
For driven pile = 1

For bored pile = 1-3
Where 1 is angle of internal friction prior to
installation of pile.
Load-carrying Capacity of the pile point in

saturated clay from TSA condition
QP=AP.qP=ApCU N *c= 9CUAP

N*c-bearing capacity factor for =0 N*C=9
Carrying capacity of piles in layered soil

from meyerhof equation
Carrying capacity of piles in layered soil

If the pile toe terminates in a layer of dense sand or
stiff clay overlying a layer of soft clay or loose sand

there is a danger of it punching through to the weaker
layer.
To account for this, Meyerhof's equation is used.
The base resistance at the pile toe is
qp = q2 + (q1 - q2)H / (10B) but < q1
where
-B is the diameter of the pile
-H is the thickness between the base of the pile and
the top of the weaker layer
-q2 is the ultimate base resistance in the weak layer
-q1 is the ultimate base resistance in the strong layer.
Relation between ultimate point resistance of pile and

depth in sand stratum beneath weak soil layer from
Terzaghi lectures, 1974-1982
Relation between ultimate point resistance of pile and

depth in sand stratum beneath weak soil layer from
Terzaghi lectures, 1974-1982
Skin friction from Method
From Meyehof 1976

<28
we have =0.44
28<<35 we have0.44< <0.75

35<<37 we have 0.75<<1.20
f=0
0-effective vertical stress at center of layer
As Tomlinson, the maximum frictional resistance is
limited 110KPa
Skin friction

The angle to be use for determination are
For driven pile = 0.751+10
For bored pile = 1-3
Where 1 is angle of internal friction prior to
installation of pile.

Skin friction for clayey soil for driven pile
f=xCu =1
for Cu=<25KPa
=0.5 for Cu=>70KPa
=1-(Cu-25)/90 for
25KPa<Cu<70KPa
=1
for Cu<=35KPa
=0.5 for Cu=>80KPa
=1-(Cu-35)/90 for
35KPa<Cu<80KPa
Skin friction for clayey soil for Bored pile or drilled shafts
f=xCu =0.45 for London clay
=0.7 time value for driven diplacement pile
=0
for Z<1.5
API(1984)
Semple and Rigden(1984)
Skempton(1959)
Flaming et al(1985)
Reese and Oneill(1985)
for driven Pile
Tomlinson method
Case 1:pile driven through sands or sandy
gravels into stiff clay strata.
Case 2:pile driven through soft clay into
stiff clay strata.
Case 3:pile driven into a firm to stiff clay
without any overlying strata.
The value of vary with Cu and L/B ratio
Tomlinson method
Negative skin friction
Negative skin friction is a downward drag force exerted
on the pile by the soil surrounding it.This action can

occur under conditions such as the following:
1-if a fill of clay soil is placed over a granular soil layer
into witch a pile is driven, the fill will gradually
consolidate. This consolidation process will exert a
downward drag force on the pile during the period of
consolidation.
2-if a fill of granular soil is placed over a layer of soft
clay,it will induce the process of consolidation in the clay
layer and thus exert a downward drag on the pile
3-lowering of the water table will increase the vertical
effective stress on the soil at any depth,which will induce
consolidation settlement in clay.If a pile is located in the
clay layer,it will be subjected to a downward drag force.
Clay fill over granular soil
Hf
Granular soil fill over clay
Clay
Hf
fill
L
Sand
fill
L1
Neutral
plane
Sand
Clay
Clay fill over granular soil
f n K ' 0 ' tan
Where:
K=earth pressure coefficient =Ko=1-sin

o=vertical effective stress at any depth Z
= f.Z.
f =effective unit weight of fill Clay
=soil-pile friction angle = 0.5 to 0.7
H
Qn ( PK ' ' f tan ) Zd z

0
PK ' ' f H 2 tan

2
Granular soil fill over clay

In this case, the evidence indicates that the
negative skin stress on the pile may exist from
Z=0 to Z=L1,which is referred to as the neutral
depth.The neutral depth may be given as
(Bowles 1982)
L H f L H f 'f H f
L1
L1
2
'
2 ' f H f
'
Hence,the total drag force is

L1
L1 PK ' ' tan

Qn PK ' ( ' f H f ' Z ) tan d Z PK ' L1 ' f H f tan
2
0
2
Determine End bearing capacity of

pile foundation from SPT test
Driven Method
qp=CN(Mpa)
C
0.45
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.4
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.04 Ls/D
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.35
Glacial Coarse to fine siltqp=CN(Mpa)
0.25
Residual sandy silt
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.25
Decourt(1982)
Residual Clayey silt
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.2
Decourt(1982)
Clay
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.2
Matin et al.(1987)
Clay
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.12
Decourt(1982)
All soil
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.3
Sand
Silt, sandy silts
N=average SPT value in By Martin et al(1987)

local failure zone
By Decourt(1982)
Ls=Length of pile in sand Mayerhof(1976)

D=width of pile C<=0.4
N=average SPT value in Matin et al.(1987)
local failure zone
ForL/D>=5
If L/D<5,C=0.1+0.04L/D
for closed end pile
and C=0.06L/D
for open end pile
Thorburn and Mac Vicar(1987)
Shioi and Fukui(1982)
Determine End bearing capacity of

pile foundation from SPT test
Cast in place method
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.15
qp<3.0MPa
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.15
qp<7.5MPa
Yamashita et al(1987)
Fine grained soil
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.15
qp=0.09(1+0.16Lt) Yamashita et al(1987)

Lt=pile length
Bored pile
Sand
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.1
Clay
qp=CN(Mpa)
0.15
Coarse grained soil
Determine skin friction from SPT

test
Driven Methode
Coarse grained soil
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
A
0
B
2
Coarse grained &fine soilqf=A+BN(Kpa)
10
3.3
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
10
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
30
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
10
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
Findlay(1984)&Shioi & Fukui(1982)
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
3.3
qf=A+BN(Kpa)
10
3.3
Fine grained soil

Cast in place methode
Coarse grained soil
Fine grained soil
Bored pile
Coarse grained soil
Fine graned soil
N=average SPT
along Shaft
3<N<50
Mayerhof(1956)
Decourt(1982)
qf<200Kpa
qf<150Kpa
Wright &Reese(1979)
qf<170Kpa
Decourt(1982)
Determine bearing capacity of pile

foundation from SPT test
qb KN b
Nm
q f 10
1
3
N 72 N 60
60
72


Load-Carrying capacity of pile point resting on

rock
The ultimate unit point resistance in

rock(Goodman,1980) is approximately
qp=qu-R(N+1)
Where N=tg2(45+/2)
qu-R=unconfined compression strength of rock
=drained angle of friction of rock
The allowable load-carrying capacity of the pile
point.thus
Q p ( all )
uR
( N 1) AP
FS
FS=3
Typical unconfined compressive strength of rock

Rock type
qu-R(Mpa)
Sandstone
70-140
Limestone
105-210
Shale
35-70
Granite
140-210
Marble
60-70
qu R ( design )
qu R (lab )
5
Drilled Shafts Extending into

Rock
Based on the procedure developed by Reese and

ONeill(1988-1989),we can estimate the bearing load
capacity of drilled shafts extending into Rock as
follows:
1-Calculate the ultimate unit side resistance as:
f=6.564qu0.50.15qu
Where qu=unconfined compression strength or Rock
core
2-Calculate the ultimate capacity based on side
resistance only:
Qu=DsLf
Calculate the settlement Se of the shaft at the top of the Rock

socked:
Se=Se(s)+Se(b)
Where Se(s)=elastic compression of the drilled shaft within the
socket, assuming on side resistance
Se(b)=settlement of the base
However
And
QU L
Se(s)=
AC EC
Se(b)=
QU I f
DS Emass
Where Qu=Ultimate friction load

Ac=Cross-section area of the drilled shaft
in the socket
Ds=Diameter of the drilled shaft
Ec=Youngs modulus of the concrete
Emass=Youngs modulus of the rock mass
If=Elastic influence coefficient (read on chart)
L=Depth of embedment in rock
If Se is less than 10mm, then the ultimate loadcarrying capacity from this way is correct.
If Se 10mm, there may be rapid, progressive side

shear failure in the rock socket ,resulting in a
complete loss of side resistance. In that case the
ultimate capacity is equal to the point resistance :
CS
3
DS
Qu 3qU Ac
10 1 300

CS
0.5
Where
Cs=Spacing of discontinuities
=Thickness of individual discontinuity
qu=unconfined compression strength of
the rock beneath the base of the socket or
drilled shaft concrete, whichever is smaller.
Note that applies for horizontally stratified
discontinuities with Cs>305 mm and <5mm
Typical values of angle of friction of rocks

Rock type
Sandstone
Angle of friction
(deg)
27-45
Limestone
30-40
Shale
10-20
Granite
40-50
Marble
25-30
Group pile
Pile cap
d
d
Bg
d
Lg
Group pile efficiency

Determination of the load bearing capacity of group
piles is extremely complicated and has not yet been
fully resolved.When the piles are placed close to each
other,a reasonable assumption is that the stress
transmitted by the piles to the soil will overlap,thus
reducing the load bearing capacity of the
pile.Ideally,the piles in a group should be spaced so
that the load bearing capacity of the group should be
no less than the sum of the bearing capacity of the
individual piles.In practice,the minimum center to
center pile spacing d is 2.5D and in ordinary situations
is actually about 3D to 3.5D.
Efficiency factor
Many structural engineers used a simplified

analysis to obtained the group efficiency for
friction piles (ratio between Qs & Qu is over
80%),particularly in sand.The piles may act in one
of two way:
1-as a block with dimension Lg*Bg*L
2-as individual piles
If the piles act as the block, the frictional capacity is
Qg(u)=favPgL note Pg=2(n1+ n2-2)d+4D
For each pile acting individually
Q(u)=favLP
Efficiency factor
Qg ( u )
Q( u )
Where =group efficiency

Qg(u)=ultimate load bearing capacity of
group pile
Q(u)=ultimate load bearing capacity of
2(n1 n2 2)d 4 D
each pile
Pn1n2
Converse Labarre equation

(n1 1)n2 (n2 1)n1
1
90n1n2
(deg) arctg ( D / d )
Pile in sand
Model test results on group piles in sand have shown

that group efficiency can be greater than 1 because
soil compaction zones are created around the piles
during driving.Based on the experimental observations
of the behavior of group piles in sand to date,two
general conclusions may be drawn:
1-for driven group piles in sand with d>3D, Qg(u)= Q(u)
2-for bored group piles in sand at conventional
spacing
d=3D,Qg(u) may be taken 2/3 to 3/4 time Q(u)
Pile in clay
The ultimate load bearing capacity of group piles in clay
may be estimated with the following procedure:
1-Determine Qu=n1n2(QP+Qs) ;
Qu=n1n2[9CuAp+ PCuL]
2-determine the ultimate capacity by assuming that the
piles in the group act as a block with dimension
Lg*Bg*L.The skin resistance of the block is:
Qs(g)= Cu Lg+Bg)L
Calculate the point bearing capacity from
QP(g)=N*cCuLgBg , N*C=5.14(1+0.2Bg/Lg)(1+0.2L/Bg)<9
Q(u)=Qs(g)+QP(g)
3-Compare the 2 results,The lower of the two value is
Qg(u)
Piles in rock
For point bearing piles resting on
rock,most building codes specify that
Qg(u)= Q(u),provided that the minimum
center to center spacing of pile is
D+300mm.For H-piles and piles with
square cross sections,the magnitude of D
is equal to the diagonal dimension of the
pile cross section
Settlement of piles and groups in

sands and Gravels
The present Knowledge is not sufficient to
evaluate of pile and pile groups. For most
engineering structures, the loads to be applied
to a pile group will be governed by consideration
of consolidation settlement rather than by
bearing capacity of the groups divided by an
arbitrary factor of safety of 2 or 3. It has been
found from field observation that the settlement
of a pile groups is many times the settlement of
a single pile at the corresponding working load.
Settlement of piles and groups in

sands and Gravels
The settlement of a group is affected by the
shape and size of group, length of pile, method

of installation of pile and possibly many other
factors.
There are no equations that would
satisfactorily predict the settlement of pile in
SAND. It is better to rely on load tests for
piles in SAND.
In this chapter we try to show some equations
for estimation the settlement of pile in SAND.
Settlement of pile shaft

Se1
(Q pall Q all
f )L
Ap E p
Where : L-pile length

EP-elastic modulus of pile
material,for concrete pile EP=21000MPa
=0.5
AP-area of pile tip
Settlement of pile cause by load at

the pile point
Se2 0.85
q all
p B
E
(1 2 )
Where : B-Width of pile

E-elastic modulus of soil at the
end of the pile
-Poisson ratio
Settlement of pile cause by the load

transmitted along the pile shaft
Q all
B
f
Se3
(1 2 ) I f
PL E
L
I f 2 0.35
B
Where : B-Width of pile

E-elastic modulus of soil
around the pile shaft
-Poisson ratio
L-pile length
P-perimeter of the pile section
For group piles in sand and gravel, for elastic

settlement, Meyerhof (1976) suggested the empirical
relation
S g ( e ) (mm)
0.96q Bg I
N 60
q = Qg/ (Lg.Bg) (in kN/m2)

I = influence factor = 1 L/8.Bg > 0.5
Consolidation settlement of group piles
The settlement of pile group in clay can be estimated

by assuming that the total load is carried by an
equivalent raft located at depth of 2L/3 where L is the
length of the piles.It may be assumed,that the load is
spread from the perimeter of the group at a slope of 1
horizontal to 4 vertical to allow for that part of the
load transferred to the soil by skin friction.The vertical
stress increment at any depth below the equivalent
raft may be estimated by assuming in turn that the
total load is spread to the underlying soil at slope of 1
horizontal to 2 vertical.The consolidation settlement
is than calculated as the shallow foundation.
Equivalent raft concept for floating pile group

Q
1:4
Soft CLAY
Q
q
B ' L'
d
2L/3
L
q
1:2
d
Bg
Lg
B=B+d+L/3
B&L
L=B+2d+L/3
Equivalent raft concept of pile driven through soft CLAY

combine skin friction and end bearing in stratum of
dense granular soil
Q
Q
q
B ' L'
Soft CLAY
d
L
2D/3
q D 1:4
d
B&L
Bg
Lg
B=B+d+D/3
Dense SAND
L=B+2d+D/3
Equivalent raft concept beneath pile group in layered soil

Q
1:4
Soft CLAY
Q
q
B ' L'
d
2L/3
L
q
B&L
d d
Hard CLAY
Soft CLAY
30
Bg
Lg
B=B+d+L/3
L=B+2d+L/3
Equivalent raft concept of group pile supported in end

bearing on hard rock stratum
Q
Q
q
B ' L'
Soft CLAY
d
L
Bg
Lg
q
1:2
B&L
B=B+d
Hard stratum
L=B+2d
Thank you for your attention
Mr. Sieng
PEOU
Master
science of
geotechnical
engineering

Foundation Design

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Foundation Design

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Foundation design

Present by Mr. Sieng PEOU

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End bearing pile

Soft soil layer

Combined bearing pile

Soft soil layer

Stiff soil layer

Soft soil layer

Bearing capacity for Shallow

1-General shear failure for dense soil,we

General shear failure

Local shear failure

Punching shear failure

Failure mechanisms and derivation of

Ultimate bearing capacity

Failure mechanisms and derivation of

forms an active Rankine zone with angles (45 + '/2).

Semi-circular slip mechanism

Moment causing rotation

Moment resisting rotation

At failure these are equal:

Net pressure (q - qo ) at failure

This is an upper-bound solution.

Circular arc slip mechanism

Moment causing rotation

Moment resisting rotation

At failure these are equal:

The worst case is when

tan=2 at = 1.1656 rad = 66.8 deg

The net pressure (q - qo) at failure

Bearing capacity for strip footing

Nc = (Nq 1 ) . Cotg Prandtl 1921

Bearing capacity for footing

Bearing capacity for footing

Bearing capacity for footing

Bearing capacity for footing

Bearing capacity for footing

Nq the same Nq Terzaghi ; N=(Nq-1)tg(1.4

Bearing capacity for footing

Bearing capacity of mat foundation

Ultimate bearing capacity equation

eX and eY are the load eccentricities in the direction

Conventional Rigid Method

Step2: Determine the pressure on the soil (q)

Step 3: Compare the values of the soil pressures

qav (mod ified )

determine shear on beam

Also, the column load modification factor is

Step 6: determine depth of the mat d. This can be done

-fc : Compressive strength of concrete 28 days

The unit of b0 and d in the preceding equation

Step8: Determine the areas of steel per unit width for

Verify the stable of footing

Allowable bearing capacity

Verify stable of footing

And verify the stable of

Structural Design of Foundation

Vu-factored vertical shear force

Structural Design of Foundation

bo-periphery of the critical section

Limiting of effective depth

Structural Design of Foundation

Short dimension of column or pedestal