Chapter 2

Carbon Compounds

Learning Target
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

Understand carbon compounds

Analyze alkanes
Analyze alkenes
Synthesize ideas on isomerism
Analyze alcohols
Analyze carboxylic acids
Analyze esters
Evaluate fats
Analyse natural rubber
2

2.1
Understand carbon compounds

2.1 Understand carbon compounds

Carbon compounds

Organic compounds

Inorganic compounds

Non-hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon

Alcohols
Saturated
hydrocarbon

Unsaturated
hydrocarbon

Alkanes

Alkenes

Carboxylic acids
Esters

2.1 Understand carbon compounds

Carbon compounds

Organic compounds

Inorganic compounds

Non-hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon

Alcohols
Saturated
hydrocarbon

Unsaturated
hydrocarbon

Alkanes

Alkenes

Carboxylic acids
Esters

2.1 Understand carbon compounds

Carbon compounds

Organic compounds

Hydrocarbon

Inorganic compounds

>> Compounds that contain the

element of carbon bonded to other
elements byNon-hydrocarbon
covalent bonds.
Alcohols

Saturated
hydrocarbon
Alkanes

>> Originally to indicate compounds

Carboxylic acids
that derived from living organisms.
Unsaturated
hydrocarbon

Esters

>> Examples: hydrocarbons, alcohols,

carboxylic acids
Back

Alkenes

2.1 Understand carbon compounds

Carbon compounds

Organic compounds

Inorganic compounds

>> Compounds that do not contain the

element
of carbon.
Non-hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon
>> EXCEPT: carbonates, hydrogen carbonate,
oxides of carbon & cyanide (CN-).

Alcohols
Carboxylic acids

Saturated
Unsaturated
hydrocarbon
>> Examples: CO2, hydrocarbon
CO, Na2CO3, HCN,

Esters

aluminum carbide (Al4C3)

Alkanes

Alkenes

Back
7

2.1 Understand carbon compounds

Carbon compounds

Organic compounds

Inorganic compounds

Non-hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon

Alcohols
Saturated
hydrocarbon
Alkanes

>>
Containing only two
Unsaturated
elements.
hydrocarbon
>> Carbon & hydrogen.

Carboxylic acids
Esters

Alkenes
Back
8

2.1 Understand carbon compounds

Carbon compounds

Organic compounds

Inorganic compounds

Non-hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon

Alcohols

>> Containing
Carbon,
Saturated
Unsaturated
hydrocarbon
hydrogenhydrocarbon
and other

Carboxylic acids
Esters

compounds.
Alkanes

Alkenes

Back
9

Saturated hydrocarbon

Consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms that are

boned by a single covalent bond only

Single covalent
bond
Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Double
covalent bond

Consists at least one of double covalent

bond or triple covalent bond between two
carbon atoms

10

Table: Three type of carbon bonds (single, double and triple bonds)
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Table: Molecular shapes of hydrocarbons

12

2.2

Analyze alkanes
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2.2 Analyze alkanes (Saturated hydrocarbons)

Learning

target:
>> Naming alkanes (penamaan alkana)
>> Physical properties of alkanes (sifat fizik
alkana)
>> Chemicals properties of alkanes (sifat
kimia alkana)

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2.2.1 Naming Alkanes

~ General formula for alkane family:

CnH2n+2 , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
~ All the name end with ane

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2.2.1 Naming Alkanes

~ According to IUPAC, the name of an organic compound consists
of two component parts:
~ Example 1: for propane

Prop ane

Root name
Denotes the largest
carbon chain

Ending
Denotes the family of
the organic compound.

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Example 2: for pentane

Pent

ane

Root name
Denotes the largest
carbon chain
Number of
carbon
atoms

Root name

Meth-

Eth-

Ending
Denotes the family of
the organic compound.
4

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Prop- But- Pent- Hex- Hept- Oct- Non- Dec-

More example & exercise

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2.1.2 Physical properties of alkanes

(a) Solubility in water NO

(b) Solubility in organic solvent YES
(c) Electrical conductivity NO
(d) Density (compare with water) - LESS dense
(e) Melting and boiling points LOW

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~ When the number of carbon atoms per molecules increase

>> melting and boiling point increase
>> Because
Relative molecular mass

Molecular size

INCREASES

INCREASES

Van Der Waals forces between molecules

Energy to overcome the forces of attraction

Melting and boiling point

INCREASES

INCREASES

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INCREASES

2.1.3 Chemicals properties of alkanes

~ Reactivity of alkanes
(a) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon.
(b) Alkanes contain the C C and C H
bonds that are strong and not reactive.
(c) Alkanes are less reactive compare to
unsaturated hydrocarbon.
(d) Alkanes are neutral compounds (do not
react with acids or alkalis).
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Complete
Combustion
Combustion (pembakaran)
Incomplete
Combustion

Chemicals
properties of
alkanes

React with
Hydrogen
Substitution (penukargantian)
React with
Halogen

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>> Combustion of alkanes

(a)

complete combustion
~ In the presence of excess air or oxygen.
~
~

produce carbon dioxide and water

General equation for complete combustion is

Alkanes

Oxygen

Examples:
(i) CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)
(ii) C2H6 (g) + 7/2 O2 (g)
(iii) C3H8 (g) +
(iv) C4H10 (l) +
(v) C5H12 (l) +
(vi) C6H14 (l) +

Carbon dioxide

Water

CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)

2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (g)

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>> Combustion of alkanes

(b)

incomplete combustion
~ alkanes burn with a sooty flame
~ occur if there is insufficient oxygen or air.
~ produce carbon (black smoke), carbon monoxide
and water.
~ Example:
(i) 2C2H6 (g) + 3O2 (g)
4C (s) + 6H2O (g)
OR
2C2H6 (g) + 5O2 (g)
4CO (g) + 6H2O
(g)

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>> Combustion of alkanes

~ When the number of carbon of alkanes molecule

increases
(a) the alkanes becomes less flammable (more
difficult to burn).
(b) the flame becomes more smoky.
(c) the alkanes produce more heat on combustion.
>>> because the molecular size increases
>> forces of attraction between molecule
increases
>> more energy / heat to overcome the
forces of attraction

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>> Substitution Reaction

~ Substitution reaction a reaction in which an atom
in a molecule is replaced by another atom.
~ Alkanes react with Halogen OR hydrogen under
ultraviolet light (UV) / sunlight.
~ Examples: Methane reacts with chlorine as follows

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Figure: Reacting map for methane