Introduction to

Immunology
Dr. Rina Yunita, SpMK

Historical Perspective:
Edward Jenner 1796- First successful
vaccination.

Smallpox (virus)
30-40% mortality
Viremia followed by death
Last naturally occurring case in Africa, 1976.

Role of WHO in smallpox eradication

Possible because humans are the only
smallpox host

SMALLPOX RASH DISTRIBUTION

Vaccination-Edward Jenner
a. initial smallpox vaccine based on cowpox
virus
b. initial studies of immunity

British Royal Mail

IMMUNOLOGY
JENNER - Small pox vaccine
PASTEUR - Rabies and chicken cholera

vaccines

The effectiveness of vaccination for

some common infectious disease

Immunity meant protection from disease and,

more specifically, infectious disease

The cells and molecules responsible for
immunity constitute the immune system
Their collective and coordinated response to
the introduction of foreign substances is called
the immune response.

Organs and tissues important

for generating an immune
response

Cells of the Immune

System

Origin of Cells involved in the Immune response

Cells of the Immune

System
LYMPHOCYTES
Produce spesific reseptors for antigen and
mediators of adaptive immunity
Role in selular and humoral of adaptive
immunity
Classification :
B lymphocytes : humoral response, producing
antibodies
T lymphocytes : Helper T cells (CD4), and cytotoxic T
cells (CD8)
Natural killer (NK) cells : kill infected host cells

Classes of lymphocytes

Maturation of
Lymphocytes
All lymphocytes arise from stem cells in the

bone marrow
Maturation B lymphocytes occured in the
bone marrow
T lymphocytes mature in the thymus
Mature lymphocytes enter the circulation and
the peripheral lymphoid organs encounter
antigen
Approximately 1012 lymphocytes in the
circulation and lymphoid tissues

Maturation of
Lymphocytes

Stages in the life history of

lymphocytes

Cells of the Immune

System
ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
Dendritic cells, macrophages, follicular denditric
cells
Skin, GI tract, respuratory tract contain antigenpresenting cells (APC)
Located in the epithelium or tissue that capture
antigen and display them to lymphocytes,
especially T lymphocytes

Role of APC in the immune system

Cells of the Immune

System
EFFECTOR CELLS
The cells that eliminate microbes
Consist of lymphocytes and other leucocytes :
T & B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Granulocytes : neutrophils, eosinophils

As effector cells in innate and adaptive

immunity

el-sel seturunan Monosit-makrofag

Makrofag:

Maturasi dari sel monosit ke jaringan

Diaktivasi ke tingkat fungsional yang berbeda-beda oleh
rangsangan yang berbeda-beda
Mikroba yang ditelan makrofag menimbulkan pelepasan:
IL-1, IL-2 dan TNF
inisiasi reaksi inflamasi
aktivasi respon-respon imun sel CD4 TH1 TNF atau
IFN-diproduksi oleh NK dan sel CD4 TH1) mengaktivasi
mekanisme pembunuhan dalam makrofag (makrofag teraktivasi) untuk memperkuat respons lokal

Budiman Bela

el-sel seturunan Monosit-makrofag

Makrofag:
Makrofag teraktivasi memfagositasi dan membunuh:
- mikroba-mikroba
- sel-sel terinfeksi virus
- sel-sel tumor
Stimulasi makrofag secara terus menerus oleh sel T (pada
infeksi mikobakteria yang tidak berhasil dihilangkan),
fusi makrofag menjadi :
- multinucleated giant cells
- makrofag besar (sel-sel epiteloid)
mengelilingi infeksi granuloma

Phagocytes of the reticuloendothelial

system

THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM

Immunity

Sistem Imun

Immunity:
1.

Natural (innate) immunity

.
.
.

mediated by factor exist naturally in the host.

effective against many different kinds of infectious agents;
thus , non specific.
efficiency is not improved by repeated infections

2.

Acquired (adaptive) immunity

mediated by Immune System (IS)

- Humoral Immunity
- Cell-mediated Immunity
developed during the life time
effective against specific organism or antigenically related
organisms
Efficiency is improved by repeated infections

.
.
.

Respon Imun

Sistem Imun Non

Spesifik
= Natural = Innate = Native
Consist of :
Mechanical barrier/epithelial barriers
Phagocytosis
NK cells
Complement system

Innate immunity spesifically recognize and react

against microbes but do not react against
noninfectious foreign substances

Sistem Imun Spesifik

= Adaptive = Acquired
Consist of :
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

Principal mechanisms of innate and

adaptive immunity

Innate immunity can effectively combat

infection
In some situations, many microbes that are
pathogenic for human can resist innate
immunity task of adaptive immune
responses

Perbedaan Imunitas Nonspesifik/Spesifik

Imunitas Non Spesifik
Selalu siap
Respons cepat
Tidak perlu ada
pajanan sebelumnya
Efektif utk semua
mikroba
Kekurangan memori

Imunitas Spesifik :
Tidak siap sampai
terpajan alergen
Respons lambat
Membaik oleh infeksi
berulang (memori)
Spesifik thd mikroba
yg mensensitisasi
sebelumnya

External defence factors

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Skin and mucous membrane

Respiratory tract
Digestive tract
Genito-urinary tract
Eyes

External defenses

Skin and mucous

membranes
Anatomical barrier (epidermis, dermls)
Unsaturated fatty acids: anti-bacterial
- sebaceus glands
- skin commensals:Proplonicbacterlum acnes
Saturated fatty acid: fungistatic
Mucus :
- trap organisms
Epithelium:
- prevent penetration of large molecules
- Prevent entrance of pathogens

Respiratory tract
Nasal vestibules contain normal flora

e.q. Diphteroldes, Staphylococcus

epidermidis
retard growth Staphylococcus aureus
Nasal hair: exculde particles
Sneezing: mechanical removal
Mucus: traps inhaled particles
Cilliated epitelium, cough reflex: removed
trapped particles
Alveolar macrophages: phagositosis

Digestive tract
Normal flora in mouth and throat

Strep. viridans inhibit local growth of pneumococci

in pharynx
Saliva:
- salivation & spiting: mechanical removal
- lactoperoxidase In saliva: oxidizing agent
- lysozyme:digest cellwall of Gr( +) bacteria
- glycolipids: prevent Strep. mutans to tooth
enamel
Gastric acidity :precipitate microbial protein
Bile acids/salts: bactericidal
Normal flora of intestine: antagonism
Desquamation of epithelium, defecation,
diarrhoeal

Genito-urinary tract
flushing action of urine
acidity of urine
Lysozyme
vaginal lactic acid
Spermine
seminal plasma

Eyes
Mechanical motion of eyelids, eyelashes,
eyebrows
Crying
Lysozyme in tears: muramidase (digest
peptidoglycan in cell wall of bacteria)

Internal defence
factors
1. Humoral factors
2. Cellular factors

Humoral factors

Natural antibodies
-lysin
lysozyme
tuftsin
basic polyamines, histones, protamines
hematin, mesohematin
glycoprotein
complement protein
interferons

Cellular factor
Natural killer cells (NK-cells)
Phagocytic cells:
1. Circulating phagocytes:
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- monocytes
2. Tissue phagocytes:
- macrophage, Kupffer cells, histocytes,
microglial cells, monocytes, alveolar
macrophages/dust cells.

Types of adaptive immunity

Properties of adaptive immune

responses

THANK YOU