Principles of

Sedimentology

SATUAN ACARA PERKULIAHAN

MATA KULIAH SEDIMENTOLOGI

13

SEDIMENTOLOGY
To provide students with knowledges and skills
in understanding sedimentary rock formation.
(Untuk
membekali
mahasiswa
dengan
berbagai keahlian dalam memahami proses
pembentukan batuan sedimen)
To provide graduates to compete and to adapt
in the industry in the field of mineral and
energy resources etc..
(Membekali lulusan agar mampu bersaing dan
cepat beradaptasi dengan Industri yang
bergerak dalam Bidang Mineral, Energi dlsb.)
3

SEDIMENTOLOGY
The science that deals with the
description, classification, and origin of
sedimentary rocks.

RESOURCES FOR TEACHING

SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY

LITERATURE
S

FIELD
WORKS

SEISMIC

IMPORTANCE OF SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
Sedimentary rocks
contain information
about what earth
surface environments
were like in the past
and generally possess
natural resources
including important
fossil fuels

The PRESENT is The Key

to The PAST
(James Hutton, 1788)
THE PRESENT IS THE KEY TO
THE PAST IS THE KEY TO THE
FUTURE

Such as Energy and Mineral

Resources

BATUBARA
(COAL)
COALBED
METHANE
OIL&GAS

Sedimentary rock
type of rock that is formed by sedimentation of
material at the Earth's surface
sediment was formed by weathering and erosion in a
source area, and then transported to the place of
deposition by water, wind, mass movement or
glaciers.
The study of sedimentary rocks and rock strata
provides information about the subsurface
Sedimentary rocks are also important sources of
natural resources like coal, fossil fuels, drinking water
or ores.

Rock cycle

11

The Rock Cycle

Uniformitarianism

Weatherin
g

Erosion and
transport
Deposition

Burial and lithificati

Melting

Solidificatio
n

Deformation and
metamorphism

Temporal and spatial scales

14

Primary data sources for sedimentologic/

stratigraphic studies
Outcrops (consolidated vs. unconsolidated
sediments)
Cores (hand-operated vs. power-driven)
Geophysical data (e.g., wireline logs,
seismic, ground-penetrating radar)

15

Outcrops (consolidated vs.

unconsolidated sediments)

16

Outcrops (consolidated vs. unconsolidated

sediments)

Recent Sediments. P. Seribu

Formasi Bayah, Teluk Ciletuh

17

Unconsolidated sediments
(~Quaternary)

18

sedimentary rocks (~pre-Quaternary)

19

Facies Association sequence of the Brown Shale

A''. Quartz sandstone and
conglomerate facies
A. Coal and limestone facies
B. Amalgamated massive-thick
bedded shale facies
C. Interlaminated shale and
siltstone facies
D. Interbedded grey and red shale
facies
E. Fossiliferous shale facies.
F. Massive-thick beds shale facies
G . Interlaminated shale and
sandstone facies

Association facies sequence of the

Brown Shale in Pit E of Karbindo
Coal Mine area

BROWN SHALE MEMBER OF PEMATANG GROUP

K
P
K
Coal seam ( 6 m thick) of the Brown Shale unit

K
T
Brown Shale Member of the Pematang Group

K, KP & KT :
Sample Code

How can we infer the Environment

in which a rock formed?

10 Cm
22

Cores (hand-operated vs.

power-driven)

23

Cores (hand-operated vs. power-driven)

24

power-driven

hand-operated

25

BOX V
2551.00-2551.95
FU
Matrixsupport
ed
(matrix
-rich)

Polymi
ct
(rock
fragm
ents)

2
Unit
sedimentasi

1
Grain imbrication

BOX IV
2551.95-2552.75 M

26

Model sedimentasi
1ST

COAL ?

C
Y
C
L
E
BRAIDED STREAM
DISORGANIZED CONGLOMERATE
(ALLUVIAL FAN)
EROSIONAL SURFACE
PYROCLASTIC FALL
CLOSED ENVIRONMENT
SUB-AQUAEOUS
LACUSTRINE ?

Thin Limestone/TOP
JTB/Base TAF

EaES 350-1

28

Introduction
Primary data sources for sedimentologic/
stratigraphic studies

Outcrops (consolidated vs. unconsolidated sediments)

Cores (hand-operated vs. power-driven)
Geophysical data (e.g., wireline logs, seismic, groundpenetrating radar)

29

Geophysical data (e.g.,

wireline logs, seismic,
ground-penetrating radar)

EaES 350-1

30

Eq. TAF

X-2

X-1
TOP
JTB

TS
T
FS/TS

JTB_
1
Fluvial/inter
1948
fluve E
m
JTB_ SB
2
1915
m

JTB_
3

Tidal shoreline
sand
2680 M

2530 M

Tidal shoreline
2730 M
sand

LS
T Fan Delta
2585 M

X-6

2785 M

FS 2640 M

TOP
BSM

Limestone
layer

X-3

Eq.
JTB

Fluvial

2430
m

TOP JTB

2515
m

Shelf Tidal
Ridge 2560 M
Shelf Tidal
Ridge

2620 M

SB

ed
liz E
e
2700
rb ON
Ma EST
m
LIM

2880 M

2630 M

2675 M

2720
m

2720
m

MARBLE

3040 M

2930 M

2905 M

HS
T SB

2690 M

2770 M

X-6

SB

Shelf Tidal
Ridge

2825
m

Fan Delta

Basinw
ard

X-5

Tidal Delta

Eq. Basement

1846
m

X-4

2970
m

SLATE

MARBLE

3020 M

BSM
_1

SLATE

3170 M

BSM
_2

X-1
31

Y
R
TA
N
E
M CKS
I
D O
SE R

M
E
S
A
B

T
N
E

2000
METER

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
32

33

CRUSTAL GRAVITY MODEL TRANSECT Q-Q (deep section)

MAGNETIC MAP

GRAVITY MAP

34

ORIGINS OF SEDIMENTARY
PARTICLES

MECHANICAL OR PHYSICAL WEATHERING

the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat,
water, ice and pressure

Physical weathering is the

class of processes that causes
the disintegration of rocks
without chemical change
The primary process in
physical weathering is
abrasion (the process by
which clasts and other
particles are reduced in size).

A rock in Bangka Island, fractured along

existing joints possibly by stress

MECHANICAL OR PHYSICAL WEATHERING

Pressure release
Intrusive igneous rocks (e.g.
granite) are formed deep beneath
the Earth's surface. They are
under tremendous pressure
because of the overlying rock
material.
intrusive rocks are exposed and
the pressure on them is released.
The outer parts of the rocks then
tend to expand.
The expansion sets up stresses
which cause fractures parallel to
the rock surface to form.
Sheets of rock break away from
the exposed rocks along the
fractures.
Pressure release is also known as
"exfoliation" or "sheeting".

Pressure release could have

caused the exfoliated granite
sheets in Bangka Island.

Products of weathering
1. Residual solid particles
- terrigenous siliciclastics
2. Secondary minerals formed in
situ
- clays
- iron oxides
3. Dissolved ions
- soluble materials carried away
in solution by surface waters or
groundwater (Ca, SO4, Na, Mg,
K)

GrainSizeClassificationofSediments
TheUddenWentworthScale

Grain Size
Gravel
2mm
Sand
1/16 mm
Mud - Silt
1/256 mm
Mud - Clay

Lithification

Sediments
Deposition
Transport
Erosion
Weathering

Sedimentary
Rocks