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SCHEDULE User Course

April 4, 2016

Introduction to Schedule
The Schedule section of an Eclipse data deck
Defines simulation wells, connections, vertical
performance, artificial lift, controls and limits.

Defines groups, controls and limits.


Defines networks, compressors, etc.
Specifies time dependent data.
There are more than 100 Eclipse keywords available to
generate this section.

A Typical History Match


Schedule Section

VFP tables for pressure reporting


VFPPROD, VFPINJ
Well & completion definition
WELSPECS, COMPDAT, COMPRP, COMPVE
Measured production & injection rates
WCONHIST, WCONINJE, WCONIN
Simulator control parameters
TUNING, TUNINGL, NEXTSTEP
Output control
RPTSCHED, RPTRST
Simulator advance to 1st rate change
DATES
Manual workovers; PI modification
COMPDAT, WELPI, WPIMULT
Shut-ins or opening wells
WELOPEN
Modified production & injection ratesWCONHIST, WCONINJE
Simulator advance to 2nd rate change DATES
Modified production & injection ratesWCONHIST, WCONINJE, WELTARG
Simulator advance to 3rd rate change
DATES
End of simulation, perhaps at present day
END

A Typical Prediction Schedule Section


-- VFP tables for THP control
-- Well and completion definition, inc. infill wells
-- Production well targets
-- Injection well targets
-- Activate new wells as necessary
-- Well PI specification
-- Automatic workover specification
-- Place wells on pump or gas lift
-- Periodic testing of shut wells
-- Time taken to perform automatic workovers
-- Well and completion economic limits
-- Tolerance for economic limits and targets
-- Group hierarchical structure
-- Distribute production among wells
-- Distribute injection amongst wells
-- Satellite production and injection
-- Group and field economic limits
-- Simulator control parameters
-- Output control
-- Simulator advance and termination

VFPPROD, VFPINJ
WELSPECS, COMPDAT, COMPRP, COMPVE
WCONPROD, WELDRAW
WCONINJ, WCONINJE
QDRILL, WDRILTIM, WELSOMIN
WELPI, WPIMULT
WCUTBACK, WORKLIM, WORKTHP,
COMPLUG, WPLUG
WLIFT
WTEST
WORKLIM
CECON, WECON, WECONINJ
WLIMTOL
GRUPTREE
GCONPROD, GUIDERAT, WGRUPCON,
PRIORITY, WELPRI
GCONINJE, GUIDERAT, WGRUPCON,
PRIORITY, WELPRI, WINJMULT
GSATPROD, GSATINJE
GECON
TUNING, TUNINGL, NEXTSTEP
RPTSCHED, RPTRST
DATES, TSTEP, END

Introduction to Schedule
Generating a Schedule Section
Involves massive amount of data processing.
Grid dependent.
Simulation time framework dependent.

Requires knowledge of a large number of keywords and


formats.

Introduction to Schedule
Schedule prepares and validates

production and completion data


for Eclipse
Schedule calculates simulator
production rates and well
connection factors for any given
time framework and grid.
Allows quick updating and
easy iterative workflow.

Introduction to Schedule
Schedule uses advanced

visualisation tools for data


validation.
Allows easy quality control.
Macros and Templates to
simplify time consuming
keyword creation tasks.
Automatic generation of
common keywords with
user specified default item
values.

Schematic of Data Handling in Schedule


Simulation Grid
Cell Properties

Wells
- Paths
- Tubulars
- Chokes
- Completions
- Workovers
- Production
- Injection

Geological Model

Network
Groups
-Capacities
-Demands

CTF
GGS
OCS
OCS

Basic Data Flow


Simulation Grid
[FloGrid]

Well Path
[ OFM / Finder /
FloGrid ]

Production Data
[OFM / Finder]

Schedule
Results

ECLIPSE

Well Events
[OFM / Finder]

Basic Input Files


Simulation Grid file formatted / unformatted grid files
Well production data OFM keyword files
Well completion & workover data Schedule specific keyword
file

Well path Eclipse trajectory file


Tubing string assembly Schedule specific keyword file

Data Input - Production


Data Input Styles
Import Free and Fixed Formatted Keyword ASCII Files
Export options in
Oil Field Manager
Finder

Interactive input in table panels


Extract data from ECLIPSE data file.

Production Data Sources


Allocated data
Periodic (daily, monthly, quarterly,.)
Calendar or Stream Rates and uptimes
Volumes and uptimes
Cumulatives and uptimes
Test data
Sporadic
Stream rate, test period
Volumes and test period

Production Data Handling Schematic

Rate

Measured Data

Time Period

Schedule Storage
Rate

Simulator Rate

Data Storage in Schedule


Data stored as per day production rates (stb/d,..)
Data is recorded by DATE
The smallest unit of production time is a DAY.
Only change in production is recorded.
Duplicate data is not stored.
Missing data is interpreted as per user specification
Zero production, OR
Previous production rate

Data Input Production Keyword Files


Header: Data Specification
Periodicity Daily, Monthly, Sporadic.
Directives for handling missing data.
Calendar/Stream Rates & Uptimes.
Units for rates, volumes, time, uptime.
Specify free or fixed format for data.
Data file / Definition file location (optional).

Body: Data in column defined by keyword sequence.

Data Input Production Periodicity


Keywords
Default
Monthly production and injection.
Rates apply from beginning of month.
Cum. Volume at end of month (*CUMULATIVE).
Keywords
*Daily
*Monthly
*Yearly
Sporadic - specially defined OFM type tables.

Data Input Production Missing Data


The *ZERO_MISSING directive.
Set any missing data to zero at the time of import.
Missing/expected date depends on chosen periodicity.
Use *REPORT_MISSING for issuing warnings.
Set in configuration file (ECL.CFG) as True / False.
Will affect all imported files.
Overrule by using *IGNORE_MISSING.

Data Input Production


Rates Stream / Calendar
*UUCRATES rate is uncompensated for uptime.
qstored = qgiven = q * uptime_fraction (Default)
*UCRATES rate is compensated for uptime.
qstored = qgiven * uptime_fraction
Example: A well produces 30 bbl of oil in September with an
uptime of 15 days (0.5).

*UUCRATES: Read in rate should be 1 bbl/day


*UCRATES: Read in rate should be 2 bbl/day.

Data Input Production Units for Volumes


Metric - *METRIC
Volumes in Sm3 for liquid and gas.
*MSM3 all volumes in 1000 Sm3.
*MSM3 GAS (modifier for *MSM3)
*MSM3 LIQUID (modifier for *MSM3)
Field - *FIELD
STB for liquids / MSCF for gas.
*MSTB liquid volumes in 1000 STB.
*MMSCF gas volumes in 1000 MSCF.
Imported data is converted to project units.

Data Input Production Units for Time


Default units depend on periodicity.
Daily
Monthly
Modifiers
*HRS_IN_DAYS units for time keywords set to hours in
the day.

*MNS_IN_YEARS Months in the Year

Data Input Production


Data Keywords (1)
Identifier
*WELL well names will appear in specified column.
*NAME, *WELLNAME implies following data applies to
the particular well.

Time Period
*DATE, *DAY, *MONTH, *YEAR, *YY/MM, *YYMMDD,
*MMDDYY, *DDMMMYYYY, ..

Data Input Production


Data Keywords (2)
Interval Production Time
*DAYS number of days on production for the month.
Units can be modified by *HRS_IN_DAYS.
*YEARLY would imply days in the year.
*UPTIME_FRACTION uptimes in fractions.
Must be used with *DAYS / Default is 1.0
Production volume / rate
*OIL, *GAS, *WATER
Units depend on periodicity and units modifiers.

Data Input Production


Data Keywords (3)
Interval Injection Time
*(O/W/G)IDAY injection time
Default is *DAYS or full period (days in the month).
*HRS_IN_DAYS (hours in the day)
*YEARLY (days in the year).
Injection volume / rate
*OINJ, *GINJ, *WINJ
Units depend on periodicity and units modifiers.

Data Input Production


Format Keywords
Data Format Specification
Format Blocks
*FORMAT / *END_FORMAT.
*FORMAT / *END_FORMAT.
Alternative Free Format Specification
Keywords in column headers.

*FORMAT
*WELL 1 6
*DATE 8 15
*OIL

16 25

*END_FORMAT
*FREE_FORMAT
*WELL
*DATE
*OIL
*END_FORMAT

*DAILY
*WELL *DATE *OIL *GAS *WATER *UPTIME

Well Path
Trajectory File - Well path in

grid I, J, K coordinates.
Cell entry/exit points in map
coordinates (x, y, z)
Cell entry/exit faces (Z-, Z+,
)
Cell permeability and netto-gross.
Deviation File Well path in
map coordinates (UTM)

I
J

I-

Z-

Entry point/face

Exit point / face

3D Visualisation
Well Completions vs. Connections

Input Data - Well Geometry


Well / Multi-lateral branch Geometry
Deviation Survey
File import in GRID format ( x, y, md, tvd )
OFM, Finder, FloGrid and GRID.
3D viewer create/edit
Trajectory (I, J, K, )
File import
FloGrid / GRID export format
Table Edit
Extract trajectory / deviation from Eclipse data file

Input Data - Multi-segment Wells


Well1:01 Well1 (annulus)

Tubing Description File


Keyword based ASCII
Tubular information for

multiphase flow
calculation through
casing
tubing
Location of devices
Packers, chokes and
other inflow devices

Well1:02
Inflow Controls

Perforations
Packers

Well1%Branch2

Choke

Well1%Branch1

Well1%Branch3

VFP table for


horizontal flow
VFP table for
vertical flow
VFP table for
ICDs & chokes

Input Data MSW Keywords


Branch Naming convention
Wellname%Branchname

Keywords
CASING well/branch, MD, id, int. roughness.
TUBING name, start/end casing, MD, id, od, int/ext

roughness.
PACKER name, casing name, MD.
CHOKE - name, casing name, MD.
INFLOW name, tubing name, MD.

Events
Events are Triggers that cause
A DATE keyword to be inserted in the Schedule section.
A change in well specifications, PI, etc.
A Change in operating controls
Import from ASCII File
Enter data interactively.
Extract data from Eclipse data file.

Input Data Well Events


Characteristics of Well Events
Event name keyword ( perforation, plug,)
Date
Depth(s) - length
PI parameters rw, Kh, S
BHP (will be output in the WCONHIST keyword)
VFP Table Number (Change VFP table number in use)
Well Events will be converted to Eclipse Keywords and inserted
at the appropriate date.

Input Data Well Events

Input Data Events


Keyword Events
Eclipse Keyword and data items
Date
User Events
Insert user comments
Create user defined time steps (TSTEP)

Input Data - Simulation Grid


Grid Geometry Import
Structured grid
*.(F)GRID-file (Eclipse Office / FloGrid / GRID)
Unstructured grid
*.(F)PGRID-file (Flogrid)
Grid Property Import
*.(F)INIT file (Eclipse Office)

Input Data - Simulation Grid


Coordinate Systems ( axes and units )
Map
Well paths in maps coordinates
Grid
Grid Origin in map coordinates
Grid axes in map coordinates
Wells intersecting grid ??
Check out Config File

Group-Well Hierarchy
FIELD
group1
well1
well2
well3

well2
well1

group2

group1

well4

well3

FIELD

well5
group2
well4
well5

Control Network
Time Dependent Group-Well
Hierarchy
Import ASCII keyword File.
Create / assign wells / groups
interactively.
Create network configuration
at different times.
Extract from Eclipse Data File.

*GROUPNODE
group1 FIELD
group2 FIELD
*LEAFNODE
well1

group1

well2

group2

well3

group2

Control Network Panel


Primary data processing

module
Create well under groups.
Export data to files.
Launch Events Editor for
wells / groups / field.
Display completion /event
graphs.
Graph / Table Production.
Start trajectory / segment
edit.
3D well visualization

Drag items
to build
network
Date for
Network

Wells
Groups
Available

Item List Panel


Repository of wells and groups
Pick wells and groups to build

networks.
Launch Events Editor for wells /
groups / field.
Display completion /event
graphs.
Graph / Table Production.
Start trajectory / segment edit.
3D well visualization

Production Data Handling


Review data in 2D plots and

Tables.
Compute and display group
and field production.
Compute and display
cumulative and averaged
production (WCONHIST).
Create / Edit data in tables.

Event Data Handling


Review group and well

events.
Create / Edit events.
Templates
Macros
Display completion / event
graphs.
maps events onto grid
respect geological layers

QC Production / Events
Cell
location

Event

Toggle
Axis to
m. depth

Status line
shows event
attributes

Scalable
Flow
Diagram

Events Layer Shifts

Well
Trajectory
Grid layer

Grid Cell surfaces are

planar and
approximate the model
Geological
structure
layer
Schedule can shift
events to fit within a
specified grid layer.
Define a layer Table.

Perforation

Layer Modelling

Simple Shift
events moved into layer
clipped if necessary
relative position of
events not honoured

Layer Modelling
Scaled Shift
Total event range is

scaled to total layer


length.
Length not honoured.
relative position of
events honoured.

Layer Modelling
Relative Shift
events moved into layer.
Length honoured.
relative position of
events not honoured.

Simulation Time Frame Work


TFM is the DATE sequence
Time Step Control
User defined periods with
varying time steps.
Define start and end of
History & Prediction.
Split simulation time
into intervals with
varying time step
frequency.
Output DATE
keywords.

Time Frame Work - Modifiers


Event Triggers
Option to modify the base time

framework by inserting DATEs


at event times.
Choose particular event types
as triggers.
User Events
Enter a TSTEP keyword.
Enter explicit DATES (*2000a)

Time Frame Work - Shift Events


Associate a shift criteria with each event
Earlier DATE
Later DATE
None Dont Shift
Time Frame work panel choose
Apply shift the events according to given criteria.
Ignore create time step at event time.
Custom choose behaviour based on event type.

Time Frame Work - Average Rates

Events Keyword Generation


Internal Keyword
keyword generated by Schedule from event specifications
e.g. perforation COMPDAT (internal)
COMPDAT input Eclipse file keyword event.
Template Keyword
used to default missing data in Internal keywords.
wildcards for well names does pattern selection.
Macros
keywords that propagate through the network.

TEMPLATE Keywords
Defined at the Field or Group Level and
applied to lower level in the hierarchy on
a particular date.
generated on Schedule section export.
Existing data has priority.
Lower level templates have priority.
Cannot be applied on Macro generated
keywords.
Apply to name patterns.

MACRO Keywords
Define at Field or group level at certain date to generate
keywords.
Generated on Schedule Section Export.
Well keyword (Wxxx..) generates this keyword for all wells
lower in the hierarchy.
Similar Group keyword (Gxxx..) generation.
Existing keyword and data items have priority.
Lower level Macros have priority.
Apply to name patterns.

Well & Perforation Modelling


Compute Trajectory.
Calculate well connection
factor.

Well Connection Factor


Three part Peaceman formula with full vector representation and
accounts for:
Orientation of well path

Trajectory defines cell entry and exit points and a resulting


trajectory vector
perforation vector defined by events

Permeability tensor
Partial completion
Damage skin can be specified separately

Connection Factor
KH in the i direction:
KHi = {(Kj*Kk)1/2 hi}

Well Segment in Cell


from Trajectory

I - Transmissibility :
Ti = cKHi/(ln(roi/rw) +S)
Cell Connection Factor:
CCF = (Ti2 + Tj2 +Tk2)1/2

h1

Ref.: SPE 18854 Predicting Horizontal/Slanted


Well Production by Mathematical Modeling by
Chang, M,M, et. al.

Cell Permeability
Ki in I, J, & K

Kj

Perforations
from Events

Kk

h2

Simulation Cell

Connection Factor
Net-to-gross term
Eclipse 100 option: multiplier for
Cell Dz.
hk ( k-component of the perforation vector).
Eclipse 300 option: multiplier for
hk ( k-component of the perforation vector).
Scaled permeability option: multiplier for
Perm_i and Perm_j.

ECLIPSE - COMPDAT
Transmissibility factor for the connection CCF (optional).
Well bore diameter rw (required).
Effective Kh of the connection Kh (optional)
assumes entire cell is completed.
Skin Factor S (optional) .
D-Factor non-Darcy flow (optional).
alternatively use WDFAC keyword.

COMPDAT Generation
Pseudo Skin
Sps = constant * Kh / CCF ln(ro/rw)
Accounts for position and partial completion within cell.
Combines with Eclipse (cell) Kh Schedule CCF.

COMPDAT Multiple Completions


Multiple completions in a Cell are grouped into a single

connection factor, skin and well bore radius.


J
CCFi = f(hi, rwi, si, )

CCF = CCFi
rw = rwi*hi / hi
S = si*hi / hi

I
K

h1

rw

s
h2

rw

COMPDAT Welltest Modifier


Scaling of connection factors using Welltest Event.
KHw >= 0
Khcomp_1 = Khcomp_1*[ Khwelltest / (Khi) ]
i =1, n completions.

KHw < 0
Kh1 as computed from trajectory information.

COMPDAT Export Options


Export Options
Suppress Skin, export CCF and Kh.
Skin will be defaulted to 0.0
Include CCF, Kh and damage Skin.
Suppress CCF, export skin and

Eclipse Kh.
Pseudo skin exported.
Suppress CCF, Skin and Kh
Eclipse will compute CCF.

Schedule Generation Options ..


Use Trajectory / property file permeability for CCF.
Specify threshold perforation length (% or abs.).
Generate COMPVE keywords.
Threshold height for COMPVE.
Specify Layer Shift Method.
Suppress History WCONHIST not generated.
Suppress stream rates WEFAC not generated.
Suppress warnings, comments and errors.

Exporting Schedule Sections


Export entire control network or selected wells.
Start and End as per simulation time frame work.
Configuration as per export options selected.
Internal keywords are generated only on export.
Editing an internal keyword converts it to a keyword event.
Details of error, warning messages and comments are
explained in the user guide.

Convert Eclipse Models


A Schedule project can be approximated from an existing Eclipse
data file by extracting data from keywords.

Extract Trajectory (requires grid).


Build Deviations (requires trajectory).
Extract Events (requires grid / trajectory).
Extract Production Data (from WCONHIST).
Grid geometry and cell property files are assumed available from
simulation runs.

History Match / Prediction Tools


Import Eclipse Summary Files.
Overlay historical and simulated production data.
Import Eclipse Restart Files.
Analyse history matches pressure, saturations versus

well completions.
Review predictions target infill wells.

3D Viewer
Edit Well paths / create new

wells.
View well deviation,
trajectory, completions and
connections.
Multi-segment well display.
Compare completions with
grid connections.
View only well cells or entire
grid.

3D Visualization
Animation tools for critical
analysis of history match.

Perforation / completions
plugs with time

Overlay time dependent

array properties imported


from Eclipse restart files.

Good Luck !

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