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LOGIC and PROOF

1.1 Propositional Logic
MTK3013
DISCRETE STRUCTURES

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Logic
Crucial for mathematical reasoning
Important for program design
Used for designing electronic circuitry
(Propositional )Logic is a system based on
propositions.
A proposition is a (declarative) statement that is
either true or false (not both).
We say that the truth value of a proposition is
either true (T) or false (F).
Corresponds to 1 and 0 in digital circuits

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The Statement/Proposition
Game

Elephants are bigger than mice.

Is this a statement?

yes

Is this a proposition?

yes

What is the truth value

of the proposition?

true

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The Statement/Proposition
Game
520 < 111
Is this a statement?

yes

Is this a proposition?

yes

What is the truth value

of the proposition?

false

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The Statement/Proposition
Game
y > 5
Is this a statement?

yes

Is this a proposition?

no

Its truth value depends on the value of y, but

this value is not specified.
We call this type of statement a propositional
function or open sentence.

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The Statement/Proposition
Game

Today is January 25 and 99 < 5.

Is this a statement?

yes

Is this a proposition?

yes

What is the truth value

of the proposition?

false

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The Statement/Proposition
Game
Please do not fall asleep.
Is this a statement?

no

Its a request.
Is this a proposition?
Only statements can be
propositions.

no

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The Statement/Proposition
Game

If elephants were red,

they could hide in cherry trees.
Is this a statement?

yes

Is this a proposition?

yes

What is the truth value

of the proposition?

probably false

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The Statement/Proposition
Game
x < y if and only if y > x.
Is this a statement?
yes
Is this a proposition?
yes
because its truth value
does not depend on
specific values of x and y.
What is the truth value
of the proposition?

true

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Combining Propositions
As we have seen in the previous
examples, one or more propositions can
be combined to form a single compound
proposition.
We formalize this by denoting
propositions with letters such as p, q, r,
s, and introducing several logical
operators.

Logical Operators
(Connectives)

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We will examine the following logical

operators:

Negation
(NOT)
Conjunction (AND)
Disjunction (OR)
Exclusive or (XOR)
Implication
(if then)
Biconditional
(if and only if)

Truth tables can be used to show how these

operators can combine propositions to
compound propositions.

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Negation (NOT)
Unary Operator, Symbol:
p

true

false

false

true

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Conjunction (AND)
Binary Operator, Symbol:
p

p q

true

true

true

true

false

false

false

true

false

false

false

false

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Disjunction (OR)
Binary Operator, Symbol:
p

p q

true

true

true

true

false

true

false

true

true

false

false

false

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Exclusive Or (XOR)
Binary Operator, Symbol:
p

p q

true

true

false

true

false

true

false

true

true

false

false

false

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Implication (if - then)

Binary Operator, Symbol:
p

p q

true

true

true

true

false

false

false

true

true

false

false

true

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1. A conditional
_________________ is a statement
statement
if- in
that
can be expressed
then
________form.
2. A conditional statementtwo
hasparts
hypothesi
if
_________
.
s
The __________
____ part.
conclusio is the
then
The __________
is the
n
______ part.

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Conditional Statement

If p, then q
If p, q
p is sufficient for q
q if p
An necessary
condition for p is q
p implies q
p only if q

A sufficient
condition for q
is p
q whenever p
q is necessary
for p
q follows from p

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Example :
p : Maria learns Discrete Structures
q : Maria will find a good job. Express
the statement p
q.

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Converse, Contrapositive
and Inverse
To fully analyze this conditional
statement, we need to find three new
conditionals:
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositive

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Converse
The converse
________ of a conditional
statement is formed by switching the
hypothesis and the conclusion.
Example:
(Conditional) If I am sleeping, then I am
breathing.
(Converse)
am

If I am breathing, then I
sleeping.

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Inverse
The ________
inverse of a conditional
statement is formed by negating
(inserting not) the hypothesis and
the conclusion.
(Conditional)
Example:
If I am sleeping, then I am
breathing.
(Converse)
then

If I am not sleeping,
I am not breathing.

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Contrapositive
The contrapositive
______________ of a conditional
statement is formed by negating the
hypothesis and the conclusion of the
converse.
Example:
(Converse)

If I am breathing, then I

am
sleeping.
(Contrapositive)

then I

If I am not breathing,
am not sleeping.

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Conditional
( p q)
Inverse
p -> q

If I am sleeping, then I
am breathing.
If I am not sleeping, then
I am not breathing.

Converse
q->p

If I am breathing, then I am
sleeping.

Contrapositive If I am not breathing, then I

am not sleeping.
p -> q

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The conditional statement, inverse,

converse and contrapositive all have
a truth value. That is, we can
determine if they are true or false.
When two statements are both true
or both false, we say that they are
logically equivalent.

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Conditional
Inverse
(insert not)
Converse
(switch)
Contrapositive
(switch then
insert not)

Practice :

If m<A = 30, then <A is

acute.

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Conclusion
The conditional statement and its
contrapositive have the same truth
value.
They are both true.
They are logically equivalent.

Identify the underlined

portion of the conditional
statement.

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A. hypothesis
B. Conclusion
C. neither

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Identify the underlined

portion of the conditional
statement.
A. hypothesis
B. Conclusion
C. neither

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Identify the converse for the

given conditional.
A. If you do not like tennis, then you
do not play on the tennis team.
B. If you play on the tennis team, then
you like tennis.
C. If you do not play on the tennis
team, then you do not like tennis.
D. You play tennis only if you like

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Identify the inverse for the

given conditional.
A. If 2x is not even, then x is not
odd.
B. If 2x is even, then x is odd.
C. If x is even, then 2x is odd.
D. If x is not odd, then 2x is not
even.

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Biconditional (if and only

if)

Binary Operator, Symbol:

P

P Q

true

true

true

true

false

false

false

true

false

false

false

true

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Statements and Operators

Statements and operators can be combined in
any way to form new statements.

P
true

Q (P)(Q)

true false false

false

true false false true

true

false true

true

true false

false false true

true

true

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Statements and
Operations

Statements and operators can be combined in

any way to form new statements.

true

true

PQ (PQ) (P)(Q)
true

false

false

true false false

true

true

false true false

true

true

false false false

true

true

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Equivalent Statements
P

true

(PQ) (P)(Q) (PQ) (P)(Q)

true false

false

true

true false true

true

true

false true

true

true

true

false false true

true

true

The statements (PQ) and (P)(Q) are logically

equivalent, because (PQ)(P)(Q) is always
true.