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Construction
(1173-1399)
Higher
compressibility
Ground water
pumping
Soil Extraction
(1999-2001)
fill
Hfill
zz
4) Combinations of 1, 2, and 3
z
5
5
= 120pcf
Initial GWT
Final GWT
'i z w z w
'i 120 pcf 10' 62.4 pcf 10'
'i 576 psf
' f z w z w
USGS
Primary Consolidation:
Piston-Spring Analogy
1. The container is completely filled with water, and the hole is closed. (Fully saturated soil)
2. A load is applied onto the piston, while the hole is still unopened. At this stage, only the water
resists the applied load. (Development of excessive pore water pressure)
3. As soon as the hole is opened, water starts to drain out through the hole and the spring
shortens. (Drainage of excessive pore water)
4. After some time, the drainage of water no longer occurs. Now, the spring alone resists the
applied load. (Full dissipation of excessive pore water pressure. End of consolidation)
u u0
'v ' v 0
Flow
v P
A
u u0 u
u
so
u u0 v
'v
u u0
'v 'v 0 v
'v v u
'v 0
Spring is analogous to effective stress (stress carried by soil skeleton)
Initially, the pore water takes up the change in total stress so effective stress does not
change
As excess pore water pressure drains, the effective stress increases (skeleton takes up
load)
Consolidation is complete when excess pressure dissipates and flow stops
So consolidation is TIME DEPENDENT because it is a pressure dissipation (flow) process!
Before Fill:
A 18.7 1 19 2 16.5 4.8 136kPa
u A 9.81 6.8 67 kPa
' A A u A 69kPa
Short Term After Fill:
A 136 19.5 5 234kPa
u A u A0 u u A0 67 19.5 5 165kPa
' A A u A 69kPa
Trimming Procedures
(Bardet, 1997)
Assumptions
1) All compression occurs due to change in void ratio
i.e., the grains do not compress
Thus, we can relate change in void ratio (e) to change in volume
e
Vv
Vs
if Vv then e
H0
H
e0
H V
H0
Vt
where V Vv
Vv
Vv
Vv Vs
e
V
V
Vt
Vv Vs
1 e0
v
s
Vs
Vs
e
1 e0
v0
e0
e1
e1
2nd
e2
en
e0
1st increment
~24h
nth
We will use this data to predict
rate of consolidation
time
v1 v2 vn
e2
en
log v
Loading
Loading
Unloading
Unoading
OC
Compression
Cr
Virgin (NC)
Compression
Cc
Cr
e
log '
e
Cc
log '
e
Cs
log '
Cc C r
Cr Cs
0.01 ~ Cr ~ 0.5
A B
Cs
0.1 ~ Cc ~ 2.6
B C
C D
(Bardet, 1997)
Stress History
Maximum past pressure ( p ) quantifies
The stress history of the soil it is the
largest magnitude of effective stress the soil
has been consolidated to in the past.
OC
Cr
'p
OCR
'
If OCR = 1, then p = and the soil is
normally consolidated (soft response
virgin compression)
If OCR > 1, then p > and the soil is over
consolidated (stiff response it has been
precompressed)
Sources of Overconsolidation:
Extensive erosion
Past glacial activity
Removed structures
Risen water table
Evaporation
NC
Cc
D
C
Cs
C c 0.009( LL 10)
For OC or disturbed specimens:
(Disturbance decreases virgin compressibility)
C c 0.007( LL 10)
In general:
Cr
0.1 ~ 0.2
Cc
Load-Rebound Behavior
Maximum past stress (aka preconsolidation
Stress) is a plastic yield stress.
If unloading occurs at a stress less than p,
then the soil rebounds elastically.
A
eA
yield
stress
p
A = C
plastic
deformation
(Coduto, 1999)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Fill
Soft
Clay
fill
1
H1
H2
H3
H4
Rock
Cr H
H
1 e0
'p
log
'i
Cc H
1 e0
'f
log
' p
OC
e0
e e f e0
e comes from compression in the
OC range and in the NC range.
Cr
e
ef
For OC portion:
eoc Cr log
'i
Cs
For NC portion:
'f
enc Cr log
So,
'
p
'f
'p
' p Cc H
e
Cr H
H H H
log
1 e0 1 e0
'i 1 e0
NC
Cc
'f
log
' p
What if f < p ?
OC
e0
ef
Cr
NC
Cc
Cs
CH
H r
1 e0
'f
log
'i
What if i = p ?
OC
OCR
e0
Cr
'p
1
'
ef
Cs
CH
H c
1 e0
'f
log
' p
NC
Cc
i p
4.5 m
A
9m
B
Prop.
Cc
0.25
0.20
Cr
0.08
0.06
e0
0.66
0.45
101 kPa
510 kPa
CH
H A r
1 e0
'p
log
'i
'f
log
' p
0.25 9m log 233
1 0.66
101
Cc H
1 e0
1 0.66
60
H A 0.097 0.49 0.59 m
510
361
Log
'Bf ' Bp
Only need
Cr term
Prop.
Cc
0.25
0.20
Cr
0.08
0.06
e0
0.66
0.45
101 kPa
510 kPa
H B
H B
Cr H
1 e0
'f
'i
log
0.0618m log
1 0.45
361
188
H B 0.21 m
so
H tot H A H B 0.8 m
http://www.prenhall.com/coduto/html/Geotechnical/Software.htm
Recall that consolidation is volume change due to pore water being squeezed out
Fill
Soft
Clay
Rock
Excess
= Transient
Pressure
Profile
u
u
Static
+
Pressure
us
fill
Hdr
Long Immediate
Term
Saturated
Clay
H0
u0
u f ( z, t )
tp
t2
t1 t0
Single
Drainage
Double
Drainage
Ground surface,
sand layer, etc.
Ground surface,
sand layer, etc.
Saturated
Clay
Impervious Rock,
Aquitard, etc.
Hdr = H0
Saturated
Clay
Pervious layer,
sand, etc.
Hdr = H0
Significantly
decreases
time for
consolidation
u
2u
cv 2
t
z
u f ( z, t )
cv = Coefficient of Consolidation
(determined from lab or field testing)
u0
z
Saturated
Clay
H0
u f ( z, t )
u0
tp
t2
t1 t0
u
2u
cv 2
t
z
k (1 e)
cv
av w
de
av
d '
Coefficient of compressibility
av
e
or in terms of strain...
k
cv
mv w
d
mv
d '
Coefficient of
volume compressibility
mv
Saturated
Clay 2
u
u
cv 2
t
z
u z 0, t 0
u
u
cv 2
t
z
2
H0
u0
u z H 0 , t 0
Initial Conditions:
u z , t 0 u0
2u0
Mz M 2T
u z, t
sin
e
M
H
m 0
dr
2m 1
2
cv t
(Time Factor)
2
H dr
S
U t 100%
S
2 M 2T
U 1 2 e
m 0 M
Note that U only depends on time (T) Percent
consolidation is independent of load!!!
cv t
T
2
H dr
U 0.90
From figure, T = 0.848
cv t
T
0.848
2
H dr
0.848 H dr
t
Sand
cv
0.84810'
2
0.05 ft / day
t 4.6 years
Clay
cv = 0.05 ft2/day
1696 days
20
St 2'
U
0.5
S 4'
(50%)
Clay
cv = 0.05 ft2/day
cv t
T
0.196
2
H dr
Sand
0.196 H dr
t
cv
0.19610' 2
2
0.05 ft / day
t 1.1 years
394 days
20
U 0.90
From figure, T = 0.848
Clay
cv = 0.05 ft2/day
cv t
T
0.848
2
H dr
Impervious Rock
0.848 H dr
t
cv
0.848 20' 2
2
0.05 ft / day
6784 days
20
'i ' p
Prop. fill
= 100pcf
Clay
k = 10-6 cm/s
e0 = 1.2
S H
log
1 eo
'
Ai
0.4 50'
2940
S
log
4.5'
1 1.2
940
Cc = 0.40
G = 100 pcf
OCR = 1
20
25
50
Impervious Rock
k
cv
mv w
Prop. fill
= 100pcf
4.5'
2
H0
d
5 ft
50
'
mv
4.5 10
d '
'
2000 psf
lb
so
cv
10
Clay
k = 10-6 cm/s
e0 = 1.2
Cc = 0.40
G = 100 pcf
OCR = 1
25
50
Impervious Rock
If U = 95%, T = 1.129
cv
1.009 ft 2 / day
2
20
(Bardet, 1997)
e0
e1
plot deformation
vs. log time
e2
en
time
1)
Select some point near U = 50% (tb, db) (this is an estimate of d50)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
cv t50 0.197
H dr 2
2
0.197 H dr
T50
cv
t50
(Bardet, 1997)
cv t90 0.848
H dr 2
2
0.848 H dr
1)
T90
2)
3)
4)
cv
5)
t90
Secondary Compression
t
ts
es C log10
ts
s C log10
Secondary Compression
C 0.0001 wn