Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PROPERTIES
USES
During the succeeding 350 years, from the end of the 15th century
to about 1850, the world gold output totaled about 4,665,000 kg.
South America and Mexico became large producers of gold during
this period. Spain's domination in South America resulted, in the
16th century, in a large increase in gold produced in the New
World; some resulted from simple seizure of gold from the Native
Americans, who had long mined the metal.
In the same century Mexico contributed about 9 percent of the total
world production.
Gold was discovered in Australia in February 1851, and rich fields were
found there.
By the middle of the 19th century the United States produced a
considerable
percentage
of
the
world
gold
production.
The western gold fields extend in the Cordilleran region from Alaska to
Mexico. Gold was discovered first in this region in California on January
24, 1848, during excavation for a sawmill on land settled by the American
pioneer John Sutter.
Placer deposits of gold were discovered on the Yukon River in Canada and
Alaska in 1869. The discovery in 1896 of a rich deposit in the Bonanza
Creek, a headwater of the Klondike River, which in turn is a tributary of the
Yukon, led to another gold rush.
South Africa is the world's leading supplier of gold, producing 402 metric
tons in 2001; its most important gold mines are in the Witwatersrand
region.
Some 70 other countries produce gold in commercial quantities, but two
thirds of the total worldwide production now comes from South Africa, the
United States, Australia, China, Canada, and Russia.
MALAYSIA
Borneo
Tombulilato
(Ni)
Malala
(Ni)
Masupa Ria
Bintan (Au,Ag)
(Al)
Calang
Geumpang
SUMATERA
Logas
Lebong Tandai
(Au,Ag)
Lebong Donok
(Au,Ag)
Lebong Simpang
(Au,Ag)
Endapan bijih utama
Busur magmatik termineralisasi
( sumber: Carlile dan Mitchel, 1994 )
Kelian
(Au)
Burung Mandi
(Au)
Cikijang
(Au)
Cikotok
(Au,Ag)
MINDANAO
Busang
Mt. Muro (Au)
(Au,Ag)
Ampalit
(Au)
JAWA
SULAWESI
SUMBAWA
Gosowang
Mesel
(Au)
Bulagidun
(Cu,Ag)
Soroako
(Ni)
Pomalaa
(Ni)
WETAR
Gebe
(Ni)
Grasberg/Estberg
(Cu, Au)
Gag
(Ni)
Lerokis/
Kali Kuning
(Au,Ag)
IRIAN
JAYA
Gunung Pongkor
(Au,Ag)
Trenggalek Batu Hijau
(Cu, Au)
SAMODRA HINDIA
Primalirang
AUSTRALIA
OCCURENCES
It is widely distributed although it is rare, being 75th in order of abundance
of the elements in the crust of the earth.
Gold is found in nature as the free metal and It is almost always associated
with varying amounts of silver; the naturally occurring gold-silver alloy is
called electrum.
Gold occurs, in chemical combination with tellurium, in the minerals
calaverite and sylvanite along with silver, and in the mineral nagyagite
along with lead, antimony, and sulfur. It occurs with mercury as gold
amalgam.
It is generally present to a small extent in iron pyrites; galena, the lead
sulfide ore that usually contains silver, sometimes also contains
appreciable amounts of gold.
Gold also occurs in seawater to the extent of 5 to 250 parts by weight to
100 million parts of water. Although the quantity of gold present in
seawater is more than 9 billion metric tons, the cost of recovering the gold
would be far greater than the value of the gold that could thus be
recovered.
Sylvanite
Native Gold
OCCURENCES
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Gold and copper are found in ore bodies associated with porphry. Porphry is a
general term applied to igneous rocks of any composition that contain conspicuous
phenocrysts (crystals) in a fine-grained groundmass.
Epithermal refers to mineral deposits that form in association with hot waters.
The deposits form within 1 km of the surface and water temperatures are about
50-200 degrees C.
ALLUVIAL DEPOSIT
Lempeng Eurasia
Lempeng Pasifik
Lempeng Afrika
Lempeng Nazca
Lempeng Hindia-Australia
Lempeng Antartik
Lempeng
Amerika Selatan
MINING
The simplest process used for mining gold is panning, using a circular dish
often with a small pocket at the bottom.
As gold mining developed, more elaborate methods were introduced and
hydraulic mining was invented. The hydraulic method consists of directing a
powerful stream of water against the gold-bearing gravel or sand.
Extensive underground deposits of gold-bearing rocks are often discovered
by a small outcrop on the surface. Shafts are sunk, as in coal mining, and
the ore is brought to the surface. It is then crushed in special machines.
Gold is extracted from gravel or from crushed rock by dissolving it either in
mercury (the amalgam process) or in cyanide solutions (the cyanide
process).
Some ores, especially those in which the gold is chemically combined with
tellurium, must be roasted before extraction.
The rarest form of gold is a nugget. The largest known nugget, the Welcome
Stranger, weighing 2,284 troy oz (equivalent to 59.0 kg/130.1 pounds), in
Victoria, Australia, in 1869.
TERIMAKASIH