ATOMIC STRUCTURE

AND PERIODICITY
UNIT 2

Atomic Structure

THE QUANTUM
MECHANICAL MODEL
OF ATOM
UNIT 2

Quantum Mechanical
Model of an Atom
De Broigles Matterwave
Electron bound to an
atom behave both as a
particle and a wave.

Quantum Mechanical
Model of an Atom
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
It is impossible for us to know
simultaneously the exact momentum and
the exact position of a particle in space.
The more precisely the position of the
particle is measured or determined, the less
precisely its momentum can be known, and
vice versa.

Quantum Mechanical
Model of an Atom
Schrodingers
Equation

wave function (orbital)

2 probability distribution
of the electron

Quantum Mechanical
Model of an Atom
So how are the electrons moving
around a nucleus?

We dont exactly know.

We can only determine the
probability of finding the electron at
an area.

QUANTUM NUMBERS
UNIT 2

Quantum Numbers
orbital that satisfies the Schrodingers
Equation
2 probability distribution

Quantum Numbers
Numbers that characterizes the orbitals

Quantum Numbers
Principal Quantum Number (n)
can have positive integers

Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)

can have integral values from 0 to
(n-1)

Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)

can have integral values from l to l

Quantum Numbers
Principal Quantum Number (n)
Relates the size
and energy of the
orbital
As n increases
the orbital gets larger
the electron spends more time farther than the
nucleus
The energy increases

Quantum Numbers
Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
related to the shape of the orbital

Quantum Numbers
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
related to the orientation of the orbital in
space

Quantum Numbers
s-orbital

Quantum Numbers
p-orbital

Quantum Numbers
d-orbital

Quantum Numbers
f-orbital

Quantum Number

ELECTRON SPIN
UNIT 2

Electron Spin Number

4th quantum number

(ms)
Related to the magnetic
properties of the atom
Can be (up spin) or (down spin)

Paulis Exclusion
Principle
No two electrons can have the same set of
quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms)

Each orbital can have a maximum of two

electrons, one up-spin, and another down
spin

Quantum Numbers
Example. Quantum Numbers
Determine which of the following sets of
quantum number are not allowed?
n = 3, l = 2, ml = 2, ms =
n = 4, l = 3, ml = 4, ms =
n = 0, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = -
n = 2, l = -1, ml = 1, ms = -

Quantum Numbers
Example Quantum Numbers
Give the maximum number of electrons in an
atom for the following quantum numbers.
n = 4
n = 5, ml = 1
n = 5, ms =
n = 3, l = 2

ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
UNIT 2

Electron Configuration
describes how electrons are distributed
among the various orbitals of an atom

Aufbaus Principle
The orbitals are filled in order of increasing
energy

Electron Configuration

1s

Energy Level

(Principal Quantum #)

# of e in
sub level
-

Sub Level
(s, p, d, f )

Electron Configuration

Orbitals that have

lower n have lower
energy

Orbitals that have

lower l have lower
energy

s < p < d < f

Electron Configuration

Electron Configuration
Element

Li
(3 e-)
B
(5 e-)

Electron
Configuration

Orbital Diagram

1s2 2s1
1
s

1
s

2s

2p

2py

2s

2p
x

2p
z

2py

2p
z

1s2 2s2
2p1

Electron Configuration
Hunds Rule
for degenerate orbitals (orbitals having the
same energy), the lowest energy is attained
when the number of electrons having the
same spin is maximized

Electron Configuration
Element

C
(6 e-)
2O
(8 e-)

Electron
Configuration

Orbital Diagram

1
s

1
s

2s

2p

2py

2s

2p
x

2p

1s2 2s22p2

2py

2p
z

1s2 2s2 2p5

Electron Configuration

Electron Configuration
Condensed Electron Configuration

Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

core
e-

valence
e-

Mg [Ne] 3s2

Elements in the same group (vertical column)

have the same valence electron
configurations

Electron Configuration
Element

Condensed Electron
Configuration

O
(8 e-)

[He] 2s2 2p4

Si
(14 e-)

[Ne] 3s2 3p2

K
(19 e-)

[Ar] 4s1

Electron Configuration
Transitional Metals

Element

Condensed Electron
Configuration

[Ar] 4s2 3d3

Hg

[Xe] 6s2 4f10 5d10

Electron Configuration
Example. Electron Configuration
Give the expanded and the condensed electron
configuration and draw the condensed orbital
diagram for the following elements.
Sulfur
Cadmium
Hafmium

PERIODIC TABLE
UNIT 2

Periodic Table of
Elements

PERIODIC TRENDS
UNIT 2

Atomic Radius

Atomic Radius
Left to Right
as p+ and e- increases,
the attraction of the
nucleus and valence eincreases
Up to Down
as n increases, energy
level increases, its
distance from nucleus
increases

Ionic Radius

Ionization Energy
Minimum energy required to remove an
electron from the ground state of the isolated
gaseous atoms

X(g) X+(g) + e-

The higher the IE, the harder it is to remove

an electron

Ionization Energy

Electron Affinity
Energy associated with the addition of an
electron to an atom in gaseous state

X(g) + e- X-(g)

Measures the ease of an atom to accept an

electron

Electron Affinity

Electronegativity

Measure of a tendency of atom to attract a

bonding pair

Electronegativity