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Finite Element
Analysis
Presented by
Niko Manopulo
Agenda
PART I
Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.0
Computational Methods
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.0
3.0
Idealization
Discretization
Solution
FEM Notation
Element Types
Mechanichal Approach
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Agenda
PART II
Mathematical Formulation
4.0
Agenda
PART III
Finite Element Discretization
5.0
6.0
7.0
References
Question and Answers
Joint Advanced Student School
St.Petersburg 2005
PART I
Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.1 Idealization
Mathematical Models
A model is a symbolic device built to
simulate and predict aspects of behavior of a
system.
Abstraction of physical reality
1.2 Dicretization
1. Finite Difference Discretization
1.3 Solution
1. Linear System Solution Algorithms
Gaussian Elimination
Fast Fourier Transform
Relaxation Techniques
Two interpretations
1. Physical Interpretation:
The continous physical model is divided into
finite pieces called elements and laws of
nature are applied on the generic element.
The results are then recombined to
represent the continuum.
2. Mathematical Interpretation:
The differetional equation reppresenting the
system is converted into a variational form,
which is approximated by the linear
combination of a finite set of trial functions.
Joint Advanced Student School
St.Petersburg 2005
Dimensionality
Nodal Points
Geometry
Degrees of Freedom
Nodal Forces
(Non homogeneous RHS of the DE)
Joint Advanced Student School
St.Petersburg 2005
( x ) E ( x )
where
du
( x)
dx
1
1 L
1 L
U dV p dx ( EAu ' )u ' dx
2 V
2 0
2 0
1 L
U u ' EAu ' dx
2 0
All quantities may depend on x.
External Energy:
L
W qu dx
0
U W
or
[u ( x)] U [u ( x)] W [u ( x)]
PART II
Mathematical Formulation
L[u ]
d
du
( p( x) ) z ( x)u q( x),
dx
dx
u (0) u (1) 0.
0 x 1
(1)
L[u ] q 0
(2)
v L2 (0,1)
Equation (2) is called variational form
Joint Advanced Student School
St.Petersburg 2005
u ( x ) U ( x ) c j j ( x )
j 1
v( x) V ( x) d j j ( x)
j 1
u C 2 (0,1) U C 2 (0,1)
U S N (0 ,1) C 2 (0 ,1)
V S N (0 ,1) L2 (0 ,1)
Joint Advanced Student School
St.Petersburg 2005
(V , r ) 0,
V S N
r ( x) L[U ] q
r(x) is called the residual (as the name of the method suggests)
The vanishing inner product shows that the residual is orthogonal to
all functions V in the test space.
Substituting
V ( x) d j j ( x) into
(V , L[U ] q ) 0
j 1
d
j 1
( j , L[U ] q ) 0
d j ,
j 1, 2 , ... , N
( j , L[U ] q ) 0
j 1, 2 , ... , N
( j , L[U ] q) 0
j 1, 2 , ... , N
L[u ]
d
du
( p ( x) ) z ( x)u q ( x ),
dx
dx
0 x 1
u (0) u (1) 0.
1
Integrating by parts
1
1
0
A(v , u ) (v , q ) 0
where
1
Now that derivative of v comes into the picture v needs to have more
continoutiy than those in L2. As we want to keep symmetry its
appropriate to choose functions that produce bounded values of
1
A(u , u ) ( p (u ' ) 2 zu 2 ) dx
u
dx
Functions obeying this rule belong to the so called Sobolev Space and
they are denoted by H1. We require v and u to satisfy
boundary
1
conditions so we denote the resulting space as H 0
Joint Advanced Student School
St.Petersburg 2005
v H 01
Substituting the approximate solutions obtained earlier in the
more general WRM we obtain
U ,V S 0N H 01
A(V , U ) (V , q )
V S 0N
c A(
k 1
, k ) ( j , q) ,
Joint Advanced Student School
St.Petersburg 2005
j 1, 2 , ... , N
Mathematical Formulation
1
1 L
U u ' EAu ' dx
2 0
L
W qu dx
(v , q )
U W 0
A(v , u ) (v , q ) 0
PART III
Finite Element Discretization
0 x 1
p, z 0
u (0) u (1) 0.
0 x0 x1 ... x N 1
finite element.
j ( x)
x j 1 x j
x j 1 x x j
x j x x j 1
otherwise
c A(
k 1
, k ) ( j , q ) ,
j 1, 2 , ... , N
x [ x j 1 , x j ]
U ( x) [c j 1
j 1 ( x)
c j 1
c j ]
[ j 1 ( x) j ( x)]
(
x
)
c
j
j
x [ x j 1 , x j ]
V ( x) [d j 1
j 1 ( x)
d j 1
d j ]
[ j 1 ( x) j ( x)] d
(
x
)
j
j
Joint Advanced Student School
St.Petersburg 2005
x [ x j 1 , x j ]
U ' ( x) [c j 1
1/ hj
c j 1
c j ]
[1 / h j 1 / h j ] c
1
/
h
j
j
h j x j x j 1
x [ x j 1 , x j ]
Derivative of V is analogus
V ' ( x) [d j 1
1/ hj
d j 1
d j ]
[1 / h j 1 / h j ]
1
/
h
d
j
x [ x j 1 , x j ]
[ A (V ,U ) (V , q)
j 1
]0
A j (V ,U ) ASj (V ,U ) AMj (V ,U )
A (V ,U )
S
j
xj
x j 1
A (V ,U )
M
j
xj
x j 1
pV 'U ' dx
zVU dx
xj
(V , q ) Vq dx
x j 1
A (V , U ) [d j 1
S
j
d j ]
d j ]
xj
x j 1
p
x j1 h 2j
xj
1/ hj
p
[1 / h j 1 / h j ] dx
1/ hj
c j 1
c
j
c j 1
1 1 c j 1
1 1 dx c [d j 1 d j ]K j c
j
j
p
Kj
hj
1 1
1 1
A (V , U ) [d j 1
M
j
d j ]
j 1
x j1 z j [ j 1 j ] dx
xj
A (V ,U ) [d j 1
S
j
c j 1
d j ]M j
c
j
zh j 2 1
Mj
6 1 2
c j 1
c
j
(V , q) Vq dx
x j 1
x [ x j 1 , x j ]
x j 1
j
qj
h j 2q j 1 q j
lj
Element load vector
6 q j 1 2q j
xj
4.6 Assembling
j 1
c1
c
S
T
A j d Kc c 2
...
c
N 1
d1
d
d 2
...
d
N 1
2 1
1 2 1
1 2 1
p
K
1 2 1
1 2
4.6 Assembling
Doing the same for the Mass Matrix and for the Load Vector
A
j 1
4 1
1 4 1
M
j
d Mc
T
zh
M
6
(V , q)
j 1
d Tl
h
l
6
1
1
4 1
1
q0 4q1 q2
q1 4q2 q3
...
q N 2 4q N 1 q N
[ A (V ,U ) (V , q)
j 1
]0
d T [(K M )c l ] 0
(K M )c l 0
References
Carlos Felippa
http://caswww.colorado.edu/courses.d/IFEM.d/IFE
M.Ch06.d/IFEM.Ch06.pdf