Transients Analysis

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Solution to First Order Differential

Equation
Consider the general Equation
dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Let the initial condition be x(t = 0) = x( 0 ), then we solve the
differential equation:

dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
The complete solution consists of two parts:
the homogeneous solution (natural solution)
the particular solution (forced solution)
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The Natural Response

Consider the general Equation

dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to zero,

dx N (t )
dx N (t )
x N (t ) dx N (t )
dt

x N (t ) 0 or

dt
dt

x N (t )

dx N (t )
dt
,

x N (t )

x N (t ) e t /

It is called the natural response.

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The Forced Response

Consider the general Equation

dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to F, a constant for t 0
dxF (t )

xF (t ) K S F
dt
xF (t ) K S F for t 0
It is called the forced response.

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The Complete Response

Consider the general Equation
dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
The complete response is:
the natural response +
the forced response

e t / x ( )

for t 0
x(t 0) x(0) x()
x(0) x()

The Complete solution:

x(t ) [ x(0) x()] e t / x()

x x N (t ) xF (t )
e t / K S F

Solve for ,

[ x(0) x()] e t / called transient response

x() called steady state response

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WHAT IS TRANSIENT RESPONSE

Figure5.1

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CircuitwithswitchedDC
excitation

Ageneralmodelofthe
transientanalysisproblem

Figu
re
5.2,
5.3

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In general, any circuit containing energy storage

element

Figure 5.5, 5.6

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(a)Circuitatt=0
(b)Samecircuitalongtimeaftertheswitchisclosed
Figure5.9,
5.10

The capacitor acts as open circuit for the steady state condition
(a long time after the switch is closed).
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(a)Circuitfort=0
(b)Samecircuitalongtimebeforetheswitchisopened

The inductor acts as short circuit for the steady state condition
(a long time after the switch is closed).
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Why there is a transient response?

The voltage across a capacitor cannot be
changed instantaneously.

VC (0 ) VC (0 )
The current across an inductor cannot be
changed instantaneously.

I L (0 ) I L (0 )
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Example

Figure5.12,
5.13

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5-6

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Transients Analysis
1. Solve first-order RC or RL circuits.
2. Understand the concepts of transient
response and steady-state response.
3. Relate the transient response of firstorder
circuits to the time constant.
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Transients
The solution of the differential equation
represents are response of the circuit.
It is called natural response.
The response must eventually die out,
and therefore referred to as transient
response.
(source free response)
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Discharge of a Capacitance through a Resistance

ic

iR

i 0,

iC iR 0

dvC t vC t
C

0
dt
R
Solving the above equation
with the initial condition
Vc(0) = Vi

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Discharge of a Capacitance through a Resistance

dvC t vC t
C

0
dt
R

dvC t
RC
vC t 0
dt
vC t Ke

vC t Ke

t RC

vC (0 ) Vi
Ke

st

RCKse Ke 0
st

1
s
RC

st

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vC t Vi e

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0 / RC

t RC

vC t Vi e t

RC

Exponential decay waveform

RC is called the time constant.
At time constant, the voltage is 36.8%
of the initial voltage.

vC t Vi (1 e t RC )
Exponential rising waveform
RC is called the time constant.
At time constant, the voltage is
63.2% of the initial voltage.

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RC CIRCUIT

for t = 0 , i(t) = 0
u(t) is voltage-step function
-

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Vu(t)

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RC CIRCUIT
iR iC
vu (t ) vC
dvC
iR
, iC C
R
dt
dvC
RC
vC V , v u (t ) V for t 0
dt
Vu(t)

Solving the differential equation

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Complete Response
Complete response
= natural response + forced response
Natural response (source free response) is
due to the initial condition
Forced response is the due to the external
excitation.

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Figure
5.17,
5.18

a). Complete, transient and steady

state response
b). Complete, natural, and forced
responses of the circuit

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5-8

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Circuit Analysis for RC Circuit

Apply KCL

iR iC
vs v R
dvC
iR
, iC C
R
dt
dvC
1
1

vR
vs
dt
RC
RC
vs is the source applied.

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Solution to First Order Differential

Equation
Consider the general Equation
dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Let the initial condition be x(t = 0) = x( 0 ), then we solve the
differential equation:

dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
The complete solution consits of two parts:
the homogeneous solution (natural solution)
the particular solution (forced solution)
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The Natural Response

Consider the general Equation

dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to zero,

dx N (t )
dx N (t )
x (t )
x N (t ) 0 or
N
dt
dt

x N (t ) e t /

It is called the natural response.

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The Forced Response

Consider the general Equation

dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
Setting the excitation f (t) equal to F, a constant for t 0
dxF (t )

xF (t ) K S F
dt
xF (t ) K S F for t 0
It is called the forced response.

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The Complete Response

Consider the general Equation
dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
The complete response is:
the natural response +
the forced response

e t / x ( )

for t 0
x(t 0) x(0) x()
x(0) x()

The Complete solution:

x(t ) [ x(0) x()] e t / x()

x x N (t ) xF (t )
e t / K S F

Solve for ,

[ x(0) x()] e t / called transient response

x() called steady state response

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Example
Initial condition Vc(0) = 0V

iR iC
vs vC
dvC
iR
, iC C
R
dt
dvC
RC
vC vs
dt
5
6 dvC
10 0.0110
vC 100
dt
3 dvC
10
vC 100
dt
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Example
Initial condition Vc(0) = 0V
3 dvC
10
vC 100

dt

dx(t )

x(t ) K s f (t )
dt

vc 100 Ae

t
10 3

As vc (0) 0, 0 100 A

and
x x N (t ) xF (t )
e

t /

KS F

t /

x ( )

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A 100
vc 100 100e

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t
10 3

Energy stored in capacitor

dv
p vi Cv
dt
t
t o

pdt

dv
t
t Cv dt
o
dt

C tt vdv

1
C v(t ) 2 v(to ) 2
2

If the zero-energy reference is selected at to, implying that the

capacitor voltage is also zero at that instant, then

1 2
wc (t ) Cv
2
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RC CIRCUIT

Power dissipation in the resistor is:

pR = V2/R = (Vo2 /R) e -2 t /RC

Total energy turned into heat in the resistor

WR 0 p R dt
Vo2 R (

2 2t / RC
Vo 0 e
dt

1
)e 2t / RC |
0
2 RC

1
2
CVo
2
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RL CIRCUITS
Initial condition
i(t = 0) = Io

di
vR vL 0 Ri L
dt
L di
i 0
R dt
Solving the differenti al equation

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RL CIRCUITS
i(t)

+
VL
-

Initial condition
i(t = 0) = Io

di R
i0
dt L
i ( t ) di
di
R
dt ,

Io
i
L
i
R t
i
ln i |I o t |o
L
R
ln i ln I o t
L
Rt / L
i (t ) I o e

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R
dt
o
L

RL CIRCUIT
Power dissipation in the resistor
is:

pR = i2R = Io2e-2Rt/LR

i(t)

Total energy turned into heat in the resistor

R
+

+
VL

WR

p R dt

I o2 R(

I o2 R

e 2 Rt / L dt

L 2 Rt / L
)e
|0
2R

1 2
LI o
2
It is expected as the energy stored in the inductor is
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1 2
LI o
2

i(t)

+
_

Vu(t)

+
VL
-

RL CIRCUIT

di
Ri L V
dt
Ldi
dt
V Ri
Integrating both sides,
L
ln(V Ri ) t k
R

Vu(t)

L
i (0 ) 0, thus k ln V
R
L
[ln(V Ri ) ln V ] t
R
V Ri
e Rt / L
or
V
V V Rt / L
i e
, for t 0
R R

where L/R is the time constant

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DC STEADY STATE
The steps in determining the forced response
for RL or RC circuits with dc sources are:
1. Replace capacitances with open circuits.
2. Replace inductances with short circuits.
3. Solve the remaining circuit.

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