Volcanism

VolcanicFeatures
LocationandTypesofVolcanicActivity
EffusiveEruptions
ExplosiveEruptions
VolcanoForecastingandPlanning

Volcanoes
VOCABULARY
volcano
hot spot

How and Where Volcanoes Form

Volcanic activity takes place primarily at subduction
boundaries,

1. Water in the subducted rock is

released into the asthenosphere.

4. Some of the magma reaches

Earths surface, and volcanoes
form on the overriding continental
plate.

Oceanic
lithosphere
Asthenosphere
2. The water lowers the melting temperatures of
materials in the asthenosphere, leading to magma
formation.

Continental
lithosphere
3. The magma
is less dense
than its
surroundings,
so it rises.

Volcanoes
VOCABULARY
volcano
hot spot

How and Where Volcanoes Form

Magma and volcanoes also form at
hot spots.
Kauai

Direction of
Plate
Movement

Oahu
Molokai
Lanai
Maui
Hawaii

The Hawaiian Islands formed over a hot spot.

How Magma Rises

VolcanicSettings

Plate Tectonics and Magma Generation

Major Volcanoes Around the

World

Magma and Erupted Materials

Gases escape easily from basaltic magma,
generating relatively quiet eruptions.
Hardened basaltic lava flows on land are
characterized as pahoehoe or aa; if the lava
cools underwater, it is characterized as pillow
lava.
A.Parameters of volcanism:
1.Viscosity
2.Chemistry of Magma
3.Gases within the magma
4.Water content of magma

Magma and Erupted Materials

Magma and Erupted Materials

VOCABULARY
viscosity
lava
pahoehoe
aa
pillow lava
pyroclastic material
pyroclastic flow

Viscosity: Viscosityisa
measureofhowthick(viscous)
andstickyaliquidis.

 LavaFlowA
'stream'ofmolten
rock
'aa'lavaflowjagged,
rubbly,broken
surface
'pahoehoe'lavaflow
smooth,ropysurface

LavaFlows

Magma
andand
Erupted
Magma
EruptedMaterials
Materials
Basaltic
Magma

AndesiticMagma

Rhyolitic
Magma

Silica Content

Least (~50%)

Intermediate (~60%)

Most (~70%)

Gas Content

Least

Intermediate

Most

Viscosity

Least viscous

Intermediate

Most viscous

Type of
Eruption

Rarely
explosive

Sometimes explosive

Usually
explosive

Melting Temp.

Highest

Intermediate

Lowest

Rifts, oceanic
hot spots

Subduction
boundaries

Continental
hot spots

Location

Volcanic Landforms
A volcanos shape and structure depend on how it erupts and
what materials are released. Shield volcanoes are formed by
basaltic lava that flows long distances before hardening.

Tectonic Settings and Volcanic Activity

Intrusions
Igneous__________classifiedby
shape,size,andorientation

Therearethreetypesofvolcanic
cones:
Cinde
______explosiveeruptions,smallbut
r
steepslopes,pyroclastics.
Shield
_______nonexplosiveeruptions,fluid
basalticlava,gentlebroadslopes.
Composit
_________alternatingbetweenlavaand
e
pyroclastics,explosiveandnonexplosive
eruptions,steepandtall.

Volcano Types

Volcanoes

Volcanic Landforms

VOCABULARY
shield volcano
cinder cone
composite volcano
lahar
caldera
lava plateau

A volcanos shape and structure depend on how it

erupts and what materials are released.
Shield volcanoes are formed by basaltic lava that
flows long distances before hardening.
Shield
Volcano

ShieldandCompositeVolcanoes

Volcanoes

Volcanic Landforms
Cinder cones are formed when molten lava is thrown into the air from a
vent and breaks into drops. These drops harden into cinders that form a
steep cone around the vent.

Cinder Cone

Volcanoes

Volcanic Landforms

Composite volcanoes are formed by layers of

pyroclastic materials and lava that have erupted in
the past.

Composite
Volcano

Composite volcanoes

Debris Avalanche and Eruption of Mount St. Helens,

Washington

Nuee ardente: pyroclastic flow, of searing superheated

gas and incandescent volcanic ash and dust
Mount Pelee, on the Carribean island of Martinique, 1902 eruption. All but 2 of the more than
20,000 people in the town of St. Pierre were killed.

Volcanoes

Volcanic Landforms

A caldera is a large crater-shaped basin that

forms when the top of a volcano collapses.

Formation of Crater Lake

EFFUSIVEERUPTIONS
Generallyathotsspots,spreadingcenters
Mantlycomesdirectlytosurface
Hotlava;lowviscosity,verymafic,flows
easily,gasesescapeeasily
Formsshields,floodbasalts

EXPLOSIVEERUPTIONS
Foundatsubductionzones
Magmalowtemp(800degreesC),high
viscosity,doesnotfloweasilty,morefelsic
mineralogy,gasestrapped,hardtopredict
explosions
Formscompositevolcanoes,cindercones,
calderas,aerialbombs,nueeardentegas
flows,verydestructive