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GENETIC
GENETIC
GENE LOCI
P
GENOTYPE:
PP
aa
Bb
HOMOZYGOUS
for the
dominant allele
HOMOZYGOUS
for the
recessive allele
DOMINANT
allele
RECESSIVE
allele
HETEROZYGOUS
Homozygous dominant
having a pair of dominant alleles (AA) at a
gene locus
Homozygous recessive
having a pair of recessive alleles (aa) at a
gene locus
Heterozygous
a pair of different alleles (Aa) both alleles of
a pair are not identical
1. Genotype
combination of gene that involve in determining
the phenotype or the gene that makes up the
organism
2. Phenotype
observable trait or the physical characteristic
that showed by the organism which may or may
not indicate all the genes that are present
3. Homozygous
a pair of same alleles (both alleles of a pair are
identical)
4. Dominant
the true genes or the true characteristic that
observable in progeny
use capital letter to show the alleles
5. Recessive
the gene that not express the true
characteristic that observable in progeny. It
just carried by the progeny but not showed
the traits
use small letter to show the alleles
Genotype
Describe as Phenotype
BB
Homozygous
dominant
Black hair
Bb
Heterozygou
s
Black hair
bb
Homozygous
recessive
Blonde hair
6. Hybridization
the process of cross-breeding between two
varieties of the same species those are
different in one or more traits, or crossbreeding between two closely related
species
7. Hybrid
the offspring of hybridization
8. Clone
individual organism that is genetically
identical to other individual or the
offspring from the vegetative reproduction
and all the progeny have the same genetic
with parent
9. True-breeding lineage
when offspring inherit a pair of identical
alleles for a trait, generation after generation
self breeding, offspring of genetic crosses
inherit a pair of identical alleles for the trait,
generation after generation
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel
(July 22, 1822 January 6, 1884)
Gregor Mendel
Mendel choose pea plants because:
Pea plants is easy to grow
Pea plants come in many varieties
Pea plants are controlled pollination (selffertilization)
Pea plants have petals that completely closed
its reproductive structures
Mendel Experiment
Mendels Law
Law of segregation
Law of segregation
RR
(smooth)
F
1
Rr
(smooth)
F
RR,2Rr,
Rr, rr
rr
(wrinkled)
Mendels monohybrid
inheritance
Is the study about the
inheritance of a pair of
contrast traits
The genotype and
phenotype of gametes
during fertilization can
be easily visualized by
constructing the
Punnett Square
The cross illustrates
method of analysis for
F1 x F1 monohybrid
cross
P PLANTS
Gametes
PP
pp
All P
All p
F1 PLANTS
(hybrids)
Gametes
All Pp
/2 P
Eggs
F2 PLANTS
Phenotypic ratio
3 purple : 1 white
Genotypic ratio
1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp
/2 p
Sperm
p
Law of segregation
From the monohybrid cross he revealed that:
F1 offspring showed only one of the two parental
traits and always same trait
The trait not shown in the F1 offspring reappeared
in about 25% of the F2 offspring
He concluded that inheritance did not work by
blending the traits of the parents but were
inherited as they are separate units
Members of gene pair were segregate during
gamete formation and each gamete will receives
one allele for the trait
This happens when homologous separate into
different gametes after meiosis II
Law of independent
assortment
Law of independent
assortment
Law of independent
assortment
Mendels dihybrid
inheritance