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Functions of Radar
RADAR is a method of using
electromagnetic waves to remotesense the position, velocity and
identifying characteristics of targets.
Radar: Acronym for Radio Detection
and Ranging
RADAR
Applications of radar
systems.
Civilian applications
Airport surveillance
Marine navigation
Weather radar
Altimetry
Aircraft landing
Security alarms
Speed measurement (police radar)
Geographic mapping
Military applications
Air and marine navigation
Detection and tracking of aircraft, missiles,
and spacecraft
Missile guidance
Fire control
Provides information (mainly target azimuth,
elevation, range and velocity) to a firecontrol
system
Scientific applications
Astronomy
Mapping and imaging
Precision distance measurement
Remote sensing of the environment
History of Radar
Radar was developed for military
purposes during W. W. II, were they
used radar to locate ships and
airplanes.
Today, radar is an essential tool for
predicting and analyzing the
weather.
Radar Equation
Two basic radar systems:
Monostatic radar : same antenna is used for
both transmit and receive.
Bistatic radar uses two separate antennas for
these functions.
Most radars are of the monostatic type, but in
some applications we use Bistatic type
Separate antennas are also sometimes used to
achieve the necessary signal isolation between
transmitter and receiver.
Radar Equation
If the transmitter radiates a power P through an
antenna of gain G, power density incident on the
target is
Received Power :
Radar Equation
Continuous Wave
Constantly emitting radar. Relative
motion of either the radar or the target
is required to indicate target position.
Frequency shift.
PRT
Carrier
Freq.
Listening
Time
PW
PRT=1/PRF
Transmitter
RF
t
Ou
Power
Supply
ANT.
Ech
o
In
Duplexer
Display Unit
Receiver
Antenna Control
1. Synchronizer:
a. Coordinates the entire system
b. Determines the timing of the transmitted pulse
c. Includes timers, modulator and central control.
3. Transmitter:
a. Generate the pulses at the proper RF (radio
frequency) for the radar.
4. Antenna:
a. Receives energy from the transmitter, radiates
it in the form of a highly directional beam and
receives the echoes.
5. Duplexer:
a. Allows one antenna to be used to transmit and
receive.
b. Prevents transmitted RF energy from going
directly to the receiver.
c. Tells the antenna to radiate or receive.
6. Receiver: receives incoming echoes from antenna,
detects and amplifies the signal, and sends them to
the display.
7. Display: Displays the received video to the operator.
8. Power Supply: Provides power to all the
components of the system.
Motion Away
Motion Towards
Antenna
CW
RF
Oscillator
Discriminator
AMP
OUT
IN
Mixer
Antenna
Indicator
Types of Antenna
Radar antenna acts as the interface between the radar
system and free space through which radio waves are
transmitted and received.
The purpose of the radar antenna is to transduce free
space propagation to guided wave propagation during
reception and the opposite during transmission.
Two types of antenna
reflector mirror antenna
array antenna
Must Be 1/2 of the Wave Length for the maximum wave length
employed
Wide Beam pattern for Search, Narrow for Track
Ship A
Ship B
Determining Altitude
Altitude
Angle of Elevation
Reflector Antenna
Parabolic Reflector
Array Antenna
An array antenna is composed of multiple
element arrays for example, linear array, area
array or nonformal array. The element antennas
are half-wavelength dipoles, microstrip patches
and wave guide slot.
Waveguide Microwave
Junctions
At a certain portion in a waveguide
system, many a times it is necessary to
split all or part of microwave energy into
particular directions. This is achieved by
Waveguide Microwave Junctions.
Microwave T junctions are of three types
E plane
H plane
EH plane
180
Directional Coupler
When two unshielded transmission lines are
placed in close proximity to each other, a fraction
of the power present on the main line is coupled to
the secondary line.
(b) striplines,
(d) broadside
Level of coupling
Weak Coupling
[15-25 dB]
Medium Coupling
[15-6 dB]
Strong Coupling
[3-6 dB]
Application
Monitoring of signal (weak coupling)
Power divider (3 dB Coupling)
Filters (LPF, HPF, BPF)
Coupling factor: C
Transmission Factor: T
Directivity: D
Isolation: I
Parameters
Scattering Matrix
The scattering matrix of a four-port network is given
by
S11
S21
S31
S41
S12
S22
S32
S42
S13
S23
S33
S43
S14
S24
S34
S44
Multiply eq(1)
and eq(2) by
and subtract
-->
S14=0
Similarly
S23=0
Let
(Transmission coefficient)
(Coupling coefficient)