Comparative study and

experimental investigation of Mesua

Ferrea,Jatropha Curcus and
Pongamia Pinnata Methyl Esters as
Biodiesel in C.I engine
(ME-8099)
Under the guidance of
Dr. Pradip Lingfa
Associate Professor
Submittedby
Tana Pompi
MT/14/TFE/02

Contents
Introduction
What

is biodiesel?
Why do we need biodiesel?
Advantages of biodiesel
Disadvantages of biodiesel
Feedstock for biodiesel Production
Properties of biodiesel
Literature Review
Objective of Project
Plan of Project
Conclusion
References

Introduction
Today, Automobile industries are focusing
on global warming and saving nonrenewable sources.

Bio diesel is one of the best solution of

above mentioned problems.

Since it is a renewable energy, produce

less emission

and it is successfully

implemented on existing systems .

What is biodiesel?
Biodiesel

is an low-emissions, high
lubricating alternative diesel fuel, is
made from renewable biological sources
such as vegetable oil and animal fats
Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl
esters of fatty acids derived from a
renewable feedstock such as vegetable oils
or animal fats
Chemically biodiesel is fatty acid methyl
esters (FAME)

Why do we need biodiesel?

Fossil

fuels due to non-renewable

nature, projected to be exhausted
in the near future.
Energy demand rapid increase
with significant worldwide
population growth.
Environmental pollution
increasing due to exhaust
emissions from engines fueled
with petrol-diesel

Advantages of biodiesel
It

reduces the countrys dependence on

imported petroleum
It is renewable and contributes less to
global warming than petroleum fuel
It provides good engine performance
and can be used without engine
modification
It provides a market for excess
production of vegetable oils and animal
fats, thus enhancing rural economies
It is biodegradable and nontoxic

Disadvantages of biodiesel
Its storage for long period is not
suitable for engine operation.
It becomes gel in cold weather.
It has water content.
It has higher NOx emissions.

Feedstock for biodiesel

production
Plant

origin
Edible Oils: Apricot, Coconut, Coffee, Corn , Olive/pomace,
Soybean, Sunflower, Palm, Peanut, Pumpkin seed, Rapeseed,
Rice bran, Sesame .
Non edible Oils: Ethiopian mustard, Hemp, Hingan,
Jatropha,Jojoba,Karanja,Koroch,Luganda,Mahua,Milkweed,Mo
ringa,Nahar,Neem, Polonga,Poon,Rozelle, Rubber

Animal

origin
Beef Tallow, Duck tallow, Fish oil, Poultry fat,
Lard

Other

sources
Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, Microalgae

Properties of biodiesel
Kinematic

It measures the resistance to flow due to internal

friction. High values of kinematic viscosity give rise to
poor fuel atomization, incomplete combustion, and
carbon deposition on the injectors. Therefore, the
biodiesel viscosity must be low.

Flash

viscosity

point

Flash point of a fuel indicates the minimum

temperature at which the fuel will ignite (flash) on
application of an ignition source under specified
conditions. The flash point of biodiesel is higher than
the petro-diesel, which is safe for transport purpose.
High values of flash point decreases the risk of fire.

Properties of biodiesel
Cetane

Cetane number is a prime indicator of fuel ignition

quality of diesel engines. Higher is the cetane number
better it is in its ignition properties. Biodiesel has
higher cetane number than conventional diesel fuel,
which results in higher combustion efficiency.

Acid

number

number and Free Fatty Acid value

Acid number is a measure of acids in the fuel. . A high

acid value will damage fuel pumps and fuel filters. It is
a measure of free fatty acid in biodiesel. Excessive free
fatty acid in the fuel can be corrosive and may be a
symptom of water in the fuel or poor production or
subjected to oxidative degradation.

Properties of biodiesel
Iodine

value

Iodine value is a measure of the unsaturation in fats and

oils. The limitation of unsaturated fatty acids is necessary
due to the fact that heating higher unsaturated fatty acids
results in polymerization of glycerides. This can lead to the
formation of deposits or deterioration of the lubricating
property.

Density

Density is a key fuel property, which directly affects the

engine performance characteristic. It affects the mass of
fuel injected into the combustion chamber and thus, the airfuel ratio. This is because fuel injection pumps meter fuel by
volume not by mass and a denser fuel contains a greater
mass in the same volume. Thus, the changes in the fuel
density will influence engine output power due to a different
mass of fuel injected.

Properties of biodiesel
Cloud point and Pour point
Cloud point is the temperature at which is the fuel starts
to form crystals, with further decrease in temperature
these crystals increase in size and quantity until the fuel
gels and does not move again. The pour point is the lowest
temperature at which the oil specimen will flow. Both
points must be sufficiently low, because if the biodiesel is
frozen, the motor will not start.
Lubricity
Biodiesel's have higher lubricity than the petroleum
diesel which means that an engine run on biodiesel will
be less prone to wear and will last longer.

Litrature review
1. Bibha Boro et al.
Reviews various sources for biodiesel production,
properties, and use of biodiesel by blending as substitute
of the diesel fuel.
2. Alemayehu Gashaw et al.
Review paper describes the fuel properties of biodiesel,
production process (transesterification) and the most
important variables that influence the transesterification
reaction.
3. Kshipra Gautam et al
Studied the physical characterization and comparison of
biodiesel produced from edible and non-edible oils of
Madhuca indica(mahua),Pongamia pinnata(karanja), and
Sesamum indicum(til) plant oilseeds.

Litrature review
4. K. Sureshkumar et al.

This paper obtained results of performance and emission

analyses carried out in an unmodified diesel engine fueled
with Pongamia Pinnata methyl ester (PPME) and its blends
with diesel.
5. K. Pramanik et al.
The main aim of the paper was investigation to reduce the
viscosity of jatropha curcas oil close to that of
conventional fuel to make it suitable for use in a C.I.
engine and to evaluate the performance of the engine with
the modified oils.
6. A.S. Ramadhas et al.
In this review paper, they studied the production and
characterization of vegetable oil as well as the experimental
work carried out in various countries in this field.

Litrature review
7. Gaurav Dwivedi et al.
In this paper the aim was to do a comprehensive review of
engine performance and emissions using biodiesel from
different feedstocks and to compare that with the diesel.
8. Shashi Kumar Jain et al.
This paper reviews the technical sustainability of biodiesel
and its blends with diesel in C.I. engines. They obtained an
improved knowledge of the potential to reduce regulated
emissions from the use of biodiesel and its blends with petrodiesel
9. S.V. Kale et al.
In this paper ,a study was carried out to investigate the
combustion, performance and emission characteristics of
Pongamia oil methyl ester with diesel fuel on a singlecylinder, four-stroke, direct injection and water cooled diesel
engine.

Litrature review
10. B. Tesfa et al.

Experimental investigation has been carried out on the

combustion and performance characteristics of a CI
engine running with biodiesel under steady state
operating conditions
11. M.P.Sudesh Kumar et al.
This paper reviews the utilization of various
vegetable derived biodiesel blends in a diesel
engine as alternate fuels and also the performance,
combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of a
diesel engine fuelled with various biodiesel blended
fuels.

Objective of the project

Production

of biodiesels from three feedstocks;

Mesua ferrea, Jatropha curcus & Pongamia
pinnata

Evaluation

of performance and emission

characteristics of C.I engine fueled with biodiesel
blends

Plan of project

Conclusion
Biodiesel which can be used as an alternative
diesel fuel is made from renewable biological
sources such as vegetable oil and animal fats. It
is biodegradable, non-toxic and possesses low
emission profiles. Therefore, we have chosen
three seeds i.e. Jatropha curcus, Pongamia
pinnata and Messua Ferrea as our feedstock for
production of biodiesel and blends. This three
feedstock can be found easily in North-East of
India.

References
K.

Sureshkumar , R. Velraj , R. Ganesan ,Performance and

exhaust emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with
Pongamia pinnata methyl ester (PPME) and its blends with
dieselRenew able energy 33 ,2008,22942302.
K. Pramanik, Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and
diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine Renewable
Energy 28 (2003) 239248.
A.S. Ramadhas , S. Jayaraj, C. Muraleedharan, Use of
vegetable oils as I.C. engine
fuelsA
review Renewable Energy 29 (2004) 727742
F.K. Forson , E.K. Oduro, E. Hammond-Donko, Performance
of jatropha oil blends in a diesel engine Renewable Energy 29
(2004) 11351145.
A.S. Ramadhas*, C. Muraleedharan, S. Jayaraj , Performance
and emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl
esters of rubber seed oil Renewable Energy 30 (2005) 1789
1800

Reference
Sanjay

Patil, Dr. M.M.Akarte, Effect of Injection Pressure on

CI Engine Performance Fuelled with Biodiesel and its blends
Internatio nal Journal o f Scientific & Engineering
Research,Volume 3,2012,2229-5518
Gaurav Dwivedi, Siddharth Jain, M.P. Sharma, Diesel engine
performance and emission analysis using biodiesel from
various oil sources Review J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 4 (4) (2013)
434-447
Shashi Kumar Jain, Sunil Kumar, and Alok Chaube,Technical
Sustainability of Biodiesel and Its Blends with Diesel in C.I.
Engines: A Review International Journal of Chemical
Engineering and Applications,Vol. 2, 2011,101-109
Nagarhalli M.V., Nandedkar V. M.and Mohite K.C., Emission
and performance characteristics of Karanja biodiesel and its
blends in a C.I engine and its economics ARPN Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences, VOL. 5,2010, 1819-6608

THANKYOU