DATA PROCESSING

and STATISTICAL
TREATMENT

Forms Of Data
Processing

Example:
How effective is the teaching of Professor
Snape in Mathematics to Electrical
Engineering students?
f
x
fx
20 x 4 = 80
X= fx/f
30 x 3 = 90
X=260/100
40 x 2 = 80
X= 2.6 or
3
10 x 1 = 10
(much
effective)
Total: 100
260

DATA PROCESSING
Converting information either
manually or by machine into
quantitative and qualitative forms.

Coding
Categorization

Tabulation of
Data

DATA MATRIX
Presentation of data usually in
tabular form.
Gives picture of the results of the
study.

Univariate Matrix
Involves only one variable.
Quality
Attributes

Milkfish Luncheon Meat

Mean
Descriptive
Interpretation

Color

7.75

Like vey much

Odor

8.15

Like vey much

Flavor

8.30

Like vey much

Texture

8.00

Like vey much

General Acceptability

8.20

Like vey much

Scale :
9- Like extremely
8- Like very much
7- Like moderately

6- Like slightly
5- Neither like nor dislike
4- Dislike slighty

Bivariate Matrix
Involves two variables.
JOBRELATED
PROBLEM
S

STAFF NURSES
PRIVATE HOSPITALS
Mean

Interpretation

GOVERNMENT
HOSPITALS
Mean

Interpretation

2.1

Less serious problem 2.4

less serious problem

3.2

Serious problem

3.3

Serious problem

3.0

Serious problem

4.4

Very serious problem

3.4

Serious problem

3.9

Very serious problem

4.2

Very serious problem

2.0

less serious problem

SCALE :
5- Very very serious problem
4 Very serious problem

3- Serious problem
2- less serious problem

1- not a problem at all

Multivariate Matrix
Has three or more variables in the
Quality
Luncheon Meat
table.
Attribut
es

Milkfish
Offal
Mean

Goatfish
Offal
Mean

Siganid
Offal
Mean

Sardines
Offal
Mean

Color

7.7

7.9

7.5

7.1

Odor

8.0

8.0

7.3

7.2

Flavor

8.4

8.2

7.9

7.6

Texture

8.1

8.0

7.8

7.7

General
8.3
Acceptability

8.0

7.7

7.5

Scale:
9- Like extremely
8- Like very much

6- Like slightly
5- Neither like nor dislike

DUMMY TABLES
Used in planning, summarizing,
organizing and analyzing the data on
how the different variables differ with
each other.

Job
Performa
nce

Hospitals
Private
Frequen
cy

Government

Percent Frequen
cy

Percent

Total
Freque
ncy

Percen
t

Outstandin
g
Very
Satisfactor
y
Unsatisfact
ory
Total

175

100

125

100

300

100

STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Using Arithmetic mean in scaling.
4
3
2
1

very much effective

much effective
effective
not effective at all

INCORRECT STATISTICAL
TOOL
Percentage in scale options (4 3 2 1)
is incorrect or inappropriate
statistical tool to scale options.
7.5 % - very much effective
45.0 % - much effective
27.5% - effective
20.0% - not effective at all

UNIVARIATE
STATISTICAL
TREATMENT
MIGUEL, NORUEL JAN G.

Arithmetic Mean
The appropriate statistical tool for

Univariate problems
Example:

(9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2 and 1)

Experimental Research
Example Problem:
What is the acceptability of the

flavor of fish burger from offal of

boneless milkfish? Of the 30
panellists who evaluated the product
using the 9-point Hedonic Scale, 5
rated like extremely or 9; 23 rated like
very much or 8; and 2 like moderately
or 7.

9-point Hedonic Scale

9
8
7
6
5
4

like extremely
5 votes
like very much
23 votes
like moderately
2 votes
like slightly
neither like or dislike
dislike slightly

Formula of weighted arithmetic

mean:

Where:
Weighted arithmetic mean
Sum of all the products of f and x; where f is the
frequency of each weight and x is the weight
Sum of all the frequency/subjects

Given:
5

23
2

9
8
7

Solution:

(like very much)

Or can be written as.

Total

f
5
23
2
30

x
9
8
7

fx
45
184
14
243

Quantitative mean

Qualitative description
(like very much)

Data Processing Mechanisms

Input Is the evaluation of the 30
panellists:
5 panellists rated 9; 23,8 ; 2,7
Throughput is the statistical technique
or weighted arithmetic mean.
Output is the result, 8.1 or like very
much.

Descriptive Research
Example Problem:
Of the 200 staff nurses in private and

government hospitals in Iloilo City, 25

staff nurses said very, very serious or
5; 50 said very serious or 4; 100,
serious or 3; 15, less serious or 2; 10,
not at all or 1.

Given:
25

50
100

15
10

5 2
4 1
3

Solution:

(serious)

Or can be written as.

Total

f
25
50
100
15
10
200

x
5
4
3
2
1

fx
125
200
300
30
10
665

Quantitative
mean
(serious)

Qualitative description

Data Processing Mechanisms

Input Is the responses of staff nurses:
25 said 5; 50,4 ; 100,3 ; 15, 2; 10,1
Throughput is the statistical
technique or weighted arithmetic
mean.
Output is the result, 3.325 or serious

BIVARIATE
STATISTICAL
TREATMENT

Experimental Research
Statistical tools are:

* t-test
* linear correlation

The t-test
formula:

Where:
- mean of the first variable - mean of the second variable
- variance of
- variance of
- total number of operations
- total number of operations
of first variable
of second variable

Steps in using t-test

Step

1. Find the arithmetic mean of each variable

Step 2. Solve the variance () of each variable (and)

Step 3. Compute the t-value using the t-test formula

Step 4. Get the degrees of freedom (df) by using
this formula: df = N-1 ; if N is the same for the two
variables
df = + -2 ; if N is different for the two variables

Example:

Linear Correlation

Where:

- Correlation between X and Y - Total number of cases

- Sum of variable X
- Sum of squared X variable
- Sum of variable Y
- Sum of squared Y variable
- Sum of the product X and Y

Steps in using Linear Correlation

Step

1. Find the sum of X and Y

Step
Step
Step
Step
Step

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Square all X and Y values

Sum and
Find the product of X and Y
Get the sum of the product XY
Apply the formula of linear correlation

Example:

Descriptive Research
Statistical tools are;

* Linear Correlation
* z-test

Linear Correlation

Where:
- Spearman rho
- Sum of the squared differences between
ranks
N - Number of cases

The Steps are as follow:

Step

1. Rank the values from highest to lowest in

the first se of variable (X) and mark them

Step 2. Rank the second set of values (Y) in the
same manner as in Step 1 and mark them
Step 3. Determine the difference in ranks for every
pair of ranks.
Step 4. Square each difference to get
Step 5. Sum the square difference to find
Step 6. Compute the Spearman rho ()

The z-test

Where:

Z z-test
- Percentage of first group of subjects or first variable
- Percentage of second group of subjects or second variable
- Pooled percentage of and
Q =1-P
- Number of cases for the first variable
- Number of cases for the second variable

MUTIVARIATE
STATISTICAL
TREATMENT

Multivariate
Experimental Research
F-test or ANOVA (analysis of variance);
Kruskal-Wallis One-way Analysis of
Variance, and;
Friedmans Two-way Analysis of
Variance by Ranks.

F-test as Statistical
Tool in Multivariate
Experimental
Research

Involves three or more

independent variables as
basis of classification.

Table 7.10. Results on the Effect of Fish Meal, Trash Fish

Bread Meal and Fish Silage as Supplemental Feeds
upon the Growth of Grouper Cultured in Fish Cages for
Three replications (Fictitious Data)

Supplemental
Feeds

Replication
s (kg)
Tot
al
1
2
3 (k
g)

Fish Meal (T1)

18

Trash Fish (T2)

10

24

15

12

36

16

13

13

42

Bread Meal (T3)

Formula for F-test:

Where:
F
=F-test
MSR
= Mean Square for
Replication
MSTrt = Mean Square for Treatment
MSE = Mean Square for Error

Step 1.
Partition of sum of
squares for replication,
treatment, error, total
by using the
appropriate formula.

Sum
of Squares for
Replication ()

SSR = - CF ; CF =

Where:
SSR = Sum of Squares for Replication
= Sum of the squared total of each
Replication
Trt = Number of Treatment
CF = Correction Factor

Sum
of Squares for Treatment Formula ()

SSTrt = - CF

Where:
SSTrt

= Sum of Squares for Treatment

= Sum of the squared total of each

Treatment
R = Number of Replication
CF = Correction Factor

Sum
of Squares for Total () Formula

SST =

- CF

Where:
SST

= Sum of Squares for Total

= Sum of each value per

Treatment
CF

= Correction Factor

Sum
of Squares for Error Formula()

= -(+)

Where:
= Sum of Squares for Error
= Sum of Squares for Total
= Sum of Squares for Replication
= Sum of Squares for Treatment

Step 2.
Divide the sum of squares
for replication, treatment,
total and error with their
corresponding degrees of
freedom, N1, to get the
mean squares.

Formula:
MS =

Where:
MS = Mean Square
SS = Sum of Squares
df = Degrees of Freedom

MEAN SQUARES FOR:

REPLICATION
(M)

M=
TREATMENT (M)
M

ERROR (M)
M=

Step 3.

Divide the mean squares for

replication () by the mean squares
for error () to get the F-value for
replication (); and divide the mean
squares for treatment () by the
mean squares for error () to get the
F-value for treatment ().
=

Step 4.
Determine if the computed F-value is
significant, if the computed F-value is
equal or greater than the tabular Fvalue; and not significant, if the
computed F-value is less than the
tabular F-value.
CV > TV = significant

where:

CV < TV = not significant

TV = tabular value

CV = computed value

Finding the tabular F,

dfR and dfTrt is the numerator
and dfE is the denominator.
Example: dfR = 2; dfTrt = 3;
6
df
Numerator
denomin 2
ator
6

5.14
4.76
10.92
9.78

dfE =

Step 5.
Prepare the F-test or ANOVA
Table by entering the values in
Steps 1, 2, and 3.
Source Degree Sum Mean Obser
of
s of
of
Squar ved F
Varianc Freedo Squa
es
e
m
res

Tabula
rF
1%
5%

Replicat
ion

32

16

12.03** 10.92
5.14

Treatme
nt

120

40

Error

1.33

30.075 9.78
**
4.76

Freidmans Two-Way ANOVA as

Statistical Tool for Multivariate
Experimental Research

is also a statistical tool

used both in experimental
and descriptive multivariate
research problems.

Formula:
=

Where:
= Freidmans two-way ANOVA
by ranks
= Sum of the ranks
N

= Number of rows

= Number of columns

Steps of the formula is as

follows:
Step 1. Prepare a two-way table
consisting of rows and columns.
Step 2. Enter the data in Step 1
and rank.
Step 3. Sum the ranks in each
column.
Step 4. Apply the formula.

Methods of teaching
Subje
cts

FR

FR

FR

FR

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

90
88
85
92
87
95
80
75
83
77

3
4
3.5
3
3
3
3
3.5
4
3

85
83
80
87
82
90
72
70
80
75

1
1
1.5
1
1.5
2
1
1.5
2
1

91
87
85
93
88
96
81
75
82
79

4
2.5
3.5
4
4
4
4
3.5
3
4

87
87
80
91
82
91
75
70
79
76

2
2.5
1.5
2
1.5
1
2
1.5
1
2

Total

SA

USA

33.0

TPS

13.5

Xr2 = 23.55** (Significant)

DA

36.5

17.0

df = K-1 = 3

df.01(3) = 11.34**

Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA as

Statistical Tool for Multivariate
Experimental Research

another
statistical tool used in multivariate
research problems both in experimental and
descriptive researches.

H = - 3(N-1)
Where:
H = Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance by
ranks
N = Number of cases in all samples combined
n = Number of cases in each sample
= Sum of ranks in each column

Steps in getting the KruskalWallis one-way ANOVA by

ranks are as follows:
Step 1. Prepare a column table.
Step 2. Enter the data in Step 1
and rank the sample as a whole.
Step 3. Add the ranks in each
column.
Step 4. Apply the formula.

H = 34.85** Significant df = K-1

Five11.34**
Sows
Five Sows
=4
df.01(3) =
Birth Weight Birth
of Liters
Weight
(kg) of Liters (kg)

1
1
2
2 3
Wt. Rank
Wt. Rank
Wt. RankWt.Wt.
Rank
Rank

43
5
4
Wt.
Wt.Rank
Rank Wt. Rank
Wt. Rank

3.3
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.4
3.5
3.6

1.1
3.9 10
38
2.8
4.1 540
0.7
3.8 637
0.8
3.7 736
0.5
4.0 439
0.9 8
0.4 3
0.2 1
0.3 2
1.0 9

3.3
32
3.0
29
3.1
30
3.2
31
3.4
33
3.5
34
3.6
35

32
1.2
29
1.4
30
2.1
31
2.4
33
2.6
34
1.3
35
2.2
1.8
2.3

11
13
20
23
25
12
21
17
22

1.23.9
11
38
1.44.1
13
40
2.13.8
20
37
2.43.7
23
36
2.64.0
25
39
1.3 12
2.2 21
1.8 17
2.3 22

2.9
1.7
2.8
1.9
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.7
2.5

1.1
28 10
16
2.8 5
27
0.7 6
18
0.8 7
14
0.5 4
15
0.9 8
19
0.4 3
26
0.2 1
24
0.3 2
1.0 9

Chi-square
() as a Statistical Tool for

Multivariate Descriptive Research

Chi-Square test are of many types, for
instance, 2 x 2 table, 2 x 3 table, 3 x 2, 3 x
3, and many others.
Chi-square 2 x 2 table (fourfold table)
-two discrete variables are involved.
-variables are usually nominal.

Formula for Chi-Square

Where:
= Chi-Square
O = Observed frequency
E = Expected frequency

Steps

in solving
1.
Step

O = R+C

Step 2.

E = [(R)(C)]/N

Step 3.

OE

Step 4.

Square the Step 3.

Step 5.

Compute using the formula.

Step 6. Find the degrees of freedom, df =

(R-1)(C-1)
Step 7. Choose the level of significance,
either 1% or 5% and compare the computed
value
CV > TV = Significant
CV < TV = Not Significant

Another
formula for 2 x 2 table

Where:
=

Chi-square

N = # of rows
L = observed frequency of cell L
P = observed frequency of cell P
M = observed frequency of cell M
C = observed frequency of cell C

P L + P

M +
M C
C
L + P +
M + C

FRIEDMAN
S TWO-WAY
ANOVA
B Y R A N K S A S S TATI S T IC A L TOO L U S E D I N
M U LTI VAR IATE D E S C R I P T IV E R E S E A RCH
BY: RONNIEL JAY MILLAN

FRIEDMANS TWO-WAY ANOVA

-is used when the data from k related
samples consist of at least an ordinal
scale and have been drawn from the
same set of observation to different
population.

FORMULA:
Where:
Xr2

= Friedmans two-way ANOVA by ranks

= Number of rows

K
= Number of columns
= Sum of ranks

STEPS FOR FRIEDMANS

TWO-WAY ANOVA:
Step 1. Prepare a two-way table consisting
of rows and columns.
Step 2. Enter the data in Step 1 and rank.
Ranking is done horizontally and the lowest
value ranks 1.
Step 3. Sum the ranks in each column.
Step 4. Apply formula.

EXAMPLE
Three different groups of subjects exposed
to the same set of observations on the
adequacy of facilities and equipment in
fishery schools as perceived by key
officials, fishery teachers, and students.

TABLE:
Facilites and
Equipment

Key Officials
X
FR

Fishery Teachers
X
FR

Students

1.Fishing ground
2.Aquaculture
apparatus
3.Fish Capture
4.Fish Processing
5.Lighting Facilities
6.Water Facilities
7.Ventilation
8.Classrooms
9.Laboratory rooms
10.Aquaculture
equipment1
11.Fish capture
equipment
12.Fish Processing
R1

3.18
2.27

2
3

3.20
2.20

3
2

3.11
2.15

1
1

1.54
1.64
2.36
2.18
3.09
3.36
3.27
2.36

1
1
1
1
3
2
2
3

1.63
1.65
2.47
2.33
3.08
3.37
3.20
2.22

3
2
3
3
1.5
3
1
1

1.57
1.88
2.37
2.24
3.08
3.31
3.295
2.25

2
3
2
2
1.5
1
3
2

1.73

1.98

1.82

2.91

1
21.0

2.96

2
27.5

3.18

3
23.5

FR

Scale: 4 Very adequate, 3 Adequate, 2 Fairly Adequate, 1 Inadequate

SOLUTION:
= [212 + 27.52 + 23.52] 3(12)(3+1)
[441 + 756.25 + 552.25] 36(4)
= (1749.5) 144
= 0.08833 (1749.5) 144
Xr2 = 1.79 Not Significant
df

= K1

; df = 3 - 1

df

=2

; df0.1(2) = 9.21**

KRUSKALWALLIS
ONE-WAY
ANOVA (H)
B Y R A N K S A S S TATIS T IC A L TOO L I N
M U LTI VAR IATE D E S C R IP T IV E R E S E A RCH
(T IE D O B S E RVATIO N S )

KRUSKAL-WALLIS
ONE-WAY ANOVA (H)
-is a rank-based nonparametric test that
can be used to determine if there are
statistically significant differences between
two or more groups of an independent
variable on a continuous or ordinal
dependent variable.

FORMULA:
Where:
T = t3 t (t is the number of tied observations in a tied
group of observations)
N = Number of observations in all K samples as a
whole
T = Sum of all group of ties

FORMULA WITH TIES

STEPS FOR KRUSKALWALLIS ONE-WAY ANOVA (H)

Step 1. Prepare a column table.
Step 2. Enter the data in Step 1 and rank the sample as a
whole.
Step 3. Add the ranks in each column.
Step 4. Solve for the tie in scores by using formula (T = t 3 t).
Step 5. Apply formula for tie scores as divisor.
Step 6. Apply formula for Kruskal-Wallis (H) tied observations.
Step 7. Compute for degrees of freedom (df) by using formula,
df = k 1, where k stands for columns.
Step 8. Refer to chi-square tabular value in the appendix of
any statistic book if H-value is significant or not.

EXAMPLE:
Teaching-oriented
Teachers

Administration-oriented
Teachers

Research-oriented Teachers

Performance Rank

Performance Rank

Performance Rank

8-25.5
6-9.0
10-40.5
2-1.0
8-25.5
8-25.5
6-9.0
10-40.5
8-25.5
8-25.5
6-9.0
6-9.0
6-9.0
8-25.5
8-25.5
6-9.0
10-40.5
8-25.5
6-9.0
4-2.0
391.5

10-40.5
8-25.5
6-9.0
8-25.5
6-9.0
8-25.5
10-40.5
6-9.0
6-9.0
8-25.5
8-25.5
6-9.0
10-40.5
8-25.5
6-9.0

10-40.5
8-25.5
8-25.5
8-25.5
10-40.5
8-25.5
8-25.5
10-40.5
8-25.5
10-40.5

R1

R2

328.5

R3

315.0

Legend:
10 - Outstanding
8 - Very Satisfying
6 - Satisfactory
4 - Fairly satisfactory
2 - Unsatisfactory

COMPUTATION OF TIE
SCORES:
(25.5) T = t3 t
= 203 20
T = 7980
(9.0) T = t3 t
= 133 13
T = 2184
(40.5) T = t3 t
= 103 10
T = 990

COMPUTATION OF
FORMULA:

0.87754

SUBSTITUTING OF
FORMULA OF H-TEST

Not Significant

df

=k1
=31
=2
df0.1(2) = 9.21**

F-TEST OR
TWO-WAY
ANOVA
A S S TATIS T IC A L TOO L I N M U LTIVAR IATE
E X P E R IM E N TAL R E S E A RCH

F-TEST OR TWO-WAY
ANOVA
-is the statistical used for multivariate
experimental research. It involves three or
more idependent variables as bases of
classification.

FORMULA:

Where:
F

= F-test

MSp = Mean square for panelists

MSs = Mean square for samples
MSE = Mean square for error

STEPS FOR F-TEST

Step 1. Solve for the sum of squares for panelists, samples,
error, and total by using the appropriate formula below.
Sum of squares for Samples Formula (SSS)
SSS =
Where:
SSs

= Sum of squares for sample

Xi2 = Sum of the squared total of each sample

P

= Number of panelists

CF

= Correction factor

Sum of Squares for Panelists Formula (SSP)

SSP =
Where:
SSP = Sum of squares for panelists
Yi2 = Sum of the squared total of each panelists
S
CF

= Number of sample
= Correction factor

Sum of squares for total Formula (SST)

SST = Yi2 CF
Where:
SST

= Sum for squares for total

Yi2 = Sum of each value per sample

CF

= Correction factor

Sum of squares for Error Formula (SSE)

SSE = SST (SSP + SSS)
Where:
SSE = Sum of squares for error
SST = Sum of squares for total
SSP = Sum of squares for panelists
SSS = Sum of squares for samples

Step 2. Divide the sum of panelists, samples, error, and total

with their corresponding degrees of freedom, N 1, to get
the mean square by using the formula: MS=SS/df.
Step 3. Divide the mean square for panelists by the mean
square error to get the F-value of panelists; and divide the
mean square for samples by the mean square error to get the
F-value for samples as shown in Formula.
Step 4. Refer to the F-distribution table in the appendix of
any statistics book to determine if the F-value obtained is
significant or not.
Step 5. Prepare the ANOVA table by entering the values in
Steps 1, 2, and

EXAMPLE:
Fish Offal Luncheon Meat
Panelists

Total
Milkfish

Sardines

Goatfish

22

24

25

21

22

Total

39

37

38

114

SOLUTION:
Computation of Sum of squares for Samples Formula (SS S)
SSS =
=
=
=
SSS =

Computation of Sum of Squares for Panelists (SSP)

SSP =
=
=
=
=
SSP =

Computation of Sum of Squares for Total (SS T)

SST = Yi2 CF

SST = 5.6

Computation of Sum of squares for Error Formula (SSE)

SSE = SST (SSP + SSS)
= 5.6 (0.4 + 3.6)
= 5.6 4.0
SSE = 1.6

Source of
Variance

Degrees of
freedom

Sum of
Squares

Mean Square

Observed
F

Tabular F
1%

Samples

0.4

0.2

1.0

8.65**

Panelists

3.6

0.9

4.5

7.01**

Error

1.6

0.2

Total

14

5.8

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