KINGDOM

ANIMALIA
Vertebrates = occupies marine, freshwater,
terrestrial & aerial environments.
= proper chordate characteristics:
a. notochord
b. pharyngeal slits
c. tobular/dorsal nerve tube
d. postanal tail

= Innovations:
a. vertebral column
b. cranium
Origin of Vert’s:

Step 1 Prevertebrate

Step 2 Agnathan

Step 3 Gnathostomes

Vert’s Classification
Traditional Taxonomy
* Tetrapods
* Fishes
* Amniotes
* Anamniotes
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
Key Concepts

 Taxonomy- is the science by which organisms are classified

in heirarchical categories referred to as taxa.
Seven categories:
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species

 Carolus Linnaeus was the great classifier. He designed the system of binomial
nomenclature where each unique type of organism is given a unique two word name, the
genus and specific epithet (species). 
PHYLUM CHORDATA
 SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
 Ex. Sea squirts

 SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA
 Ex. Amphioxus

 SUBPHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
 EX. Acorn worm
Subphylum Vertebrata
1. Class Agnatha – primitive jawless fishes
* S.C. OSTRACODERMI
-the ancient bony vertebrate
- entire body is covered with bony
dermal armor consisting of bony
plates and smaller tile-like scales
- largely live in freshwater, brackish
water, some are marine
- ostracoderm is a utilitarian name having
no taxonomic status
SC CYCLOSTOMATA
 Separated fromostracodermi 400M years ago
 No paired fins, no skeletal elements
homologizable with vertebrates jaws
 No dermal armor, no teeth, no bony skeleton
 2 orders:
1.Order Petromyzoniformes
2.Order Myxiniformes
Order Petromyzoniformes
 With buccal funnel composed of horny denticles
that attaches the adult to the host with the
tongue-like cartilaginous rod
 With 7 pairs of gill pouches and slits
 Largely freshwater
 Ex. lampreys
Order Myxiniformes
-Shallow buccal funnel lacking denticles
-Bottom-feeding scavengers having invertebrate
diet
-- parasitize slow- moving fishes
-Single nostril located just above the funnel
-Canal --- olfactory sac --- pharyngeal cavity
-Eyes are vestigial
- with 6 pairs of gill pouches and slits
-Ex. Hagfishes and slime eels
Class Acanthodii
 Early or oldest jawed fishes
 Head and body were protected by dermal
armor of bony plates and scales
 Skeleton: bone and cartilages,w/o
operculum
 Paired 5 fins supported by hollow spines
Class Placodermi
 Bizarre armored fishes which became
abundant in fresh water when
ostracoderms were disappearing
 With paired fins, swift predators
 A heavy dermal shield covered the
head, gill and trunk region
 Ex. Arthrodires (Coccosteus)
Antinarchs (Bothrioplepsis)
Class Chondrichthyes
1. SC ELASMOBRANCHII
 O. CLADOSELACHII- paleozoic Sharks
 O. PLEUROCANTHODII - paleozoic Sharks
 O. SQUALIFORMES
 O. RAJIFROMES- Ex. Skates, sawfishes and rays

2. SC HOLOCEPHALI
 Lack scales,with fleshy operculum that hides the gills slits, spiracle is
closed
 Upper jaw is fused to the braincase, hard bony plates on the jaws
 Chimaeras, ratfishes
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
1. S.C. ACTINOTERYGII
 Ray-finned fishes
 Lack internal nares, slender fin rays
 Dermal armor and scales were covered with an enameloid-
ganoin
 Ex. Perch, puffer fish, sturgeon
 ORDERS:
A.S.O .CHONDROSTEI
B.S.O. HOLOSTEI
C.S.O. TELEOSTEI
A. S.O. CHONDROSTEI
-oldest known ray-finned fishes
- embryonic cartilages are not replace by
bones, with ganoid scales
- ex. African bachir, sturgeon, spoonbills
B. S.O. HOLOSTEI
- fresh water fishes, with ganoid scales
- plate-like scales in the head lack ganoin
- endoskeleton is ossified but braincase
remain cartilaginos throughout life
- ex. Spotted gar, bowfin
C.S. O . TELEOSTEI
- modern fishes
- tail is homocercal
- scales no longer heavily
bony,inflexible
- thinner dermal bones in the skull
- pelvic fins are far forward
- long, slim fishes lost paired fins
- ex. perch, eel, sea horse, puffer fish
S.C. SARCOPTERYGII
 Lobed-finned fishes
 Have internal nares that open into the
oropharyngeal cavity
 A. S.O. CROSSOPTERYGII
 Ancestors of amphibans
 Proximal skeletal elements of early tetrapods
limbs
 With swimbladders – lungs
 Ex. Lamitera (fresh water)
 B. S.O. DIPNOI
 Referred to as the true lungfishes
 Use swim bladders for respiration n terms of
drought only
 Streams, swamps (wet seasons), muds (durng
dry seasons)
 Metabolism minimizes water loss and reduces
the need for nutrients and gases
 Ex. Prototerus (Africa)
Lepidoserin( Brazil)
Neoceratodus (Australia)
CLASS AMPHIBIA
A. S.C. LABYRITHODONTIA
- swamp dwelling, oldest amphibians
- Dentin of their teeth was infolded resembling
labyrinth when viewed in cross section
- Hindlimbs: 7 digits, forelimbs: 6 digits
- Minute bony scales in the dermis, fish-like tails
containing fin rays
- Ex. Ichtyostega
 Icthtyostega

Reconstruction of Ichthyostega, a Late Devonian relative of Densignathus

B.SC. LEPOSPONDYLI
- small, salamander-like amphibians
- Lack limbs, with triangular skulls
- May have arise from crossopterygians and have given
rise to urodeles and apodans
C. S.C. LISSAMPHIBIA
- Egglack membrane that allow reptilian embryo to
develop in terrestrial habitat
- Return to water to lay their egg during mating season
(fish like reproduction)
 O. Urodela
 Tailed amphibians
 Larva: with 3 pairs of external gill and slits
 Adult: retain external gills & 2 pairs of gill slits
 Attain sexual maturity at 5 yrs.
 Siren,newts and salamander
 O. Anura
 Tailess amphibians, fused caudal vertebrae
 Breed only during rainy or shortly afterrainy season
 Ex. frogs and toads
 O. Apoda
 legless, burrow in swampy places
 Ex. Caecilians
newt
salamander

Apodans- Caecelians
frogs
CLASS REPTILIA
 Better adapted to terrestrial environment
 3 extra embryonic membranes
 1. amnion 2. chorion 3. allantois
 oviparous,
 Young hatched fully –formed without
passing larval stage
 Epidermal scales-plaques, shields,scales
 Ex. Turtle, snakes, dinosaurs, alligators
S.C. ANAPSIDA
 Absence of bony temporal arch
 Characterized by shell of bony dermal
plates with fused ribs and vertebrae
 Loss of trunk muscles, no teeth
 Ex. Cotylosaurs and turtles
S.C. LEPIDOSAURIA –
 2 temporal fossae, diapsid skull
A. O. RHYNCOCEPHALIA
 Lizard-like, life span: 60 yrs
 Feed on small vertebrates and insects
 Ex. tautaras
B. O. SQUAMATA
 Scaly reptiles with well-developed appendicular muscles thus
they can run agilely on their limbs, broadly jumps
 Some have suction discs on their toes
 Thecodont dentition
 With nictitating membranes
 Ex. Lizards, snakes, iguana
lizards

Coral snake
SC ARCHOSAURIA
 O. THECODONTIA- teeth in deep sockets, stem
reptiles
 O.PTEROSAURIA – flying reptiles, long tail &
neck with pneumatic bones
 O. SAURISCHIA – dinosaurs with reptilian pelvis
- swift predatory carnivores
- bipedal, massive body builts
 O. ORNITHISCHIA-dinosaurs with avian pelvis
- herbivorous, no front teeth, with horny beaks
 O. CROCODILIA – crocodiles and alligators
 crocodile

alligator
 S.C. EUROSIDA
 Extinct marine reptiles
 Also known as parapsida & synaptosauria
 Single dorsal temporal fossa
 Ex.Ichthyosaurs – fish-like, no visible neck

 S.C. SYNAPSIDA
 Ancestors of mammals
 Single lateral temporal fossa
 Have parietal foramen:indicate median eye
 Ex. Pelycosaurs (heterodont dentition)
CLASS AVES
 From bipedal dinosaurs
 Cxcs: beaks, scaled and clawed hindlimbs,
feathers, combs, wattles
 Wings – carpometacarpus
 Legs – tarsometatarsus
 Synsacrum- fused trunk vertebrae and pelvic girdle
 carina-no sternal keel for attachment of massive
flight muscles
 endothermy
1. S.C. ARCHEONITHES
 Oldest known birds
 Have long reptilian tail, thecodont dentition on both jaws
 With reptilian skull than avian
 No beaks, forward nostrils
 Braincase had not expanded to accommodate enlarged brain
 Ex. Archaeopteryx and Protoavis
 S.C. NEORNITHES
 Modern birds
 Carinating, ratitating
 odontognathae

neognathae
CLASS MAMMALIA

 With mammary glands

 Warm-blooded animals
 Modified structures:
 Horns, hooves, claws, hairs, etc.
 Chorioallantoic placenta
duckbill
 kangarro wallaby

opossum

wolf
 hedgehogs

solenodons
 bats

lemurs
hyenas
armadillo
pangolins
rabbits
hydraxes