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CLAUSES WITHIN

CLAUSES

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Clauses

Finite sub-clauses:
Declarative
Interrogative
Relative

Non-finite sub-clauses:
Bare infinitive
To-infinitive
-ing participle
Passive participle

Subjectless clauses

Clauses
Clause: The unit formed around a lexical verb.
Example: He can sing a song.

Types of Clauses
- Main Clause:Clause that forms a sentence

- Sub-Clause: Clause that form part of some other clause

Main Clause and Sub-clause


We can listen to records
Main Clause

and

i'll probably dream up a few song


Main Clause
BUT and And
Co-ordinate two clauses

Coordination
It's very nice to get married
Main Clause

I swear that I didnt dream it.


Sub- Cluase
Main Clause

But

i don't want to make a habbit of it


Main Clause

THAT is a complementizer

The Characteristics of Subclauses

They may be introduced by complimentizer


such as that
Ex: I wish that I had gone that day.
I wish I had gone that day.
Some of them can not have a
complementizer
Ex: We can make the characters act the way
real
kids act.
Some of them lack subjects
Ex: We intend to grow our hair even longer
for the cause.

Sizes of of Sub-clauses
A full clause with a complementizer (S)
I swear that I didnt dream it.
A full clause without a complementizer (S)
John made the journalist look stupid.
A clause with no complementizer and no
subject (VP)
We intend to grow our hair even longer for
the cause

S
NP

VP

S'

swear COMP

that/

NP

VP

i
didn't dream it

S
NP

VP

John V

S
made NP

VP (BARE)

the journalist
look

AP
stupid

S
S
NP

VP
VP

We intend

VP(INF)

to
grow our hair even longer for the cause

Finte sub-clauses:
Declarative
Interrogative
Relative

Types of sub-clauses

Non-finite sub-clauses:
Bare infinitive
To-infinitive
-ing participle
Passive participle

That Clause

They can always have complementizer

Function

Object : I wish that i had gone that day


Subject : That there is no sick dog is odd

Declarative
Sub-Clauses

Subject Complement : The horrible story is that you have fever

Another Funtion of this Subclauses is as Adverbial


It answers questions like why, when, how often or where.
Function

Which complementizer that is used depend on the exact


function of the adverbial clause.
e.g : As i come from London, I laughed nervously for some
reason.

yes-no question

The subordinate clause parallel to a yes-no question is


marked by one of two complementizers if or whether
E.g: Who knew if this was going to pan out.
It can occur in the same position as that-clauses
E.g : You ask me whether I am gay or not.

Interogative Sub-Clauses

In some positions, you can ony have a whether-clause


and not an If clause. (In a subject clause that is not
extraposed)
E.g : Whether he is a teacher or a doctor is not clear
If the subject is extraposed, either if or whether can do
the job.
E.g: It wasnt clear if/whether Jeff & Akbar were
brothers or gay couple
Whether can also occur in to-infinitive clauses
whereas if cannot

Wh-questions

Wh-clause has the same form as a main clause whinterrogative with the usual difference that there is no subjectoperator inversion.
Wh-sub-clauses can occur in the same positions as the other
clauses.

Interogative Sub-Clauses

E.g : I wonder why he was staring at me

Wh-sub-clauses can function as adverbials.


E.g : When i I got back home, I tried a little
experiment.

Relative clauses

Wh-clauses often appear in functions in which NPs could also appear.


This clause is used to add information so, the hearer can get a
specific information and get the correct one. It is called a restrictive
relative clause.
E.g : a picture which appeared within the sleeve of a Lennon LP
Non-restrictive relative clause:
To add incidental information of NP
There are commas around relative clause.
E.g: My wife, who live in New York.

Whom is used to replace the


object.

E.g:
the little boy at the birthday party whom nobody wants
to talk to.
the little boy at the birthday party to whom nobody
wants to talk.
pied piping place the preposition at the front with
relative pronun.

Who indicate the subject (people and pets)

E.g: The boy who she loves the most

Which indiacate non-human


antecendents

Example: The book Which I burnt

whose possessive determiner of noun

Example: Dona, whose sister I never met, ...

That-clauses versus relative clauses with that


In the relative clasuse, that can always be replaced by who or which.
in relative clause, there is always some elements missing
this is the constituent represented by the relative pronoun.
The differences are:

Example:
that-clause: And what about the rumours that you slept with your male
co-star? (AUS#33:39)
relative clause: And what about the rumours that you spread with your male
co-star?
Relative clause function as a modifier of the noun, whereas the that clause
function as the compliment of the noun.
Example:
the rumour that you slept with your male co-star that you categorically deny
complement
modifier
that-clause
relative clause

In non-finite clause, complementizer is never optional.


whether it has to be there or it can't be there.

Non-finite sub-clauses:

Bare infinitive
To-infinitive
-ing participle
Passive participle

Bare Invinitive
It cannot have complementizer and the verb string
only consist of one verb
Bare infinitive can have a subject,
but generally in a form of object.

E.g : Rather than him leave his wife, i think they should sell the dog.

To-infinitive
Funtions
It ca be a subject, either extraposed or in the normal subject
position.
E.g
Extraposed Subject: It was fun to create
catch phrases

It modifies the adjective.

It can be an object of a verb


E.g
Changes in legislation, requiring people to provide two forms of
ID.

It can functions as adverbial


E.g
I'll have to get a little man to change them over
It can funtions as a modifier to a NP
E.g
Rupert Murdoch has a lot to thank Bart Simpson for
To-infinitive can occur with or without subject. when we inserted the
subject, we also had to insert element for.
E.g
It was fun for matt to create catch phrases

-ing participle
The funtions
It can be a subject, object, complement of a noun , and modifier of the noun.
1. Asking for identification from the vurnerable is totally wrong. (Subject)
2. I imagine popping in my coin. (Object)
3. Homeless people looking for a hostel accomodation. (complement of a noun)
4. His Skinny-dipping client ( modifier of a noun)
Non finite clauses built around the ing-participle often function as adverbial. when they function as
adverbial clauses, -ing clauses are often introduced by a preposition.
E.g : In Moscow a performer with the state circus expired after attempting to swallow an eight-pund
bowling ball.
-ing-participle can have a subject, and such subjects can occur either in usual object form, or in the
possesive form.
Eg: His mother doesn't like him sleeping rough
His mother doesn't like his sleeping rough

Passive
participle
The funtions
It can be an object of verbs and adverbial
1. We should have had the kids checked for Y2K compliance. ( Object)
2. I discovered that , when expected to speak foreign language, the
Dutch can strangel reticent. (adverbial)
It can modify nouns
the book, edited by professor Hartley Dean from Luton University.
same as ing-participle, a passive participle can never have a
complementizer.

SUBJECTLESS CLAUSES
1. Controlled Subject
When the meaning of the missing subject is the same as
that of
some other element in the sentence.
For example: Smiling cheerfully, she typed the letter
2. Arbitrary Reference
When the meaning of the subject cant be found inside the
sentence so that the interpretation becomes general.
For example : Asking for identification from the vulnerable
is totally wrong

Trees
In term of syntactic category, every sub-clause belongs
to one of three categories :
S' if it has a complementizer, or could have had a complementizer.
S if it cannot have complementizer but has a subject.
VP if it has neither a complementizer nor a subject

Subject:

Extraposed Subject

To study English is fun


S

S'/S/VP VP

To study English Vgp


Aux

AP

Tense
(Pres)
It (pres)

S'/S/VP

Aux
is

NP
Vgp

AP

fun
is

VP

A
Tense

fun

to study English

Object/Subject

Complement
NP

VP

S'

swear COMP

that/

NP

VP

i
didn't dream it

Adverbial

S
S'/S/VP

S
NP

To be Quite Honest,

VP

like The Simpsons

Complement of N
NP
Det

N'

N'

COMP S

S'

picture

which

VP

appeared within the sleeve of a Lennon LP

Bare Infinitival
Clause

S
NP

VP

John V

S
made NP

VP (BARE)

the journalist
look

AP
stupid

-ing-clause
S
VP
V

Stubbing out
bike

S
NP

my cigarette

NP

VP

got my

Passive participle
clause
NP
Det

The

N'

N'

VP (PPART)

V'

book

V
edited

PP

by professor HD from LU

Thank you

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