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Iron-Chromium, iron-chromium-Nickel
alloys but may contain other alloying
elements that alter microstructure and or
properties
Applications
Power Generation
Petrochemical Industries
Nuclear applications
Domestic applications
Pulp& paper industries
Textile industries
Dairy& food processing
industries
Applications
Chemical, power & Engg - 34 %
Food Industries
Transport
- 18 %
- 18 %
- 28 %
Properties
Good corrosion resistance
Good oxidation resistance
High Stress rupture properties
Erosion resistance
Good notch toughness properties Aust.ss Cryogenic service
resistance to brittle fracture
Product forms
Wrought Alloys, Pipes & tubes, Casting
Major Alloying
elements
Properties
MSS
FSS
ASS
Density g/cc
7.8
7.8
7.8
Melt pt. C
1480-1530
1480-1530
1480-1530
11.2-12.1
17.0-19.2
24.4-26.3
18.7-22.8
28.7
Classification
Austenitic stainless steels
Ferritic stainless steel
Martensitic stainless steels
Dupelx stainless steels
Classification
Ferritic
Martensitic
Austenitic
Duplex
Classification
AISI classification
Series
Cr,Ni,Mn
Cr,Ni
Cr
Alloy type
2XX
3XX
4XX
AISI classification
(Castings)
CX-XX HX-XX HK-XX
UNS classification
Wrought- S Cast- J
Maxm.Temp (C)
301
840
302,304
870
308
923
309
980
310,330
1030
316,317,321,347
870
201,202
Cr
Ni
Spl.addition
201
0.15
16-18
3.5-5.5
N 0.25, Mn 5.5-7.5
302B
0.15
17-19
8-10
Si 2-3
303Se
0.15
17-19
8-10
Se 0.15 - 0.20
304H
0.04-0.10 18-20
8-10.5
304L
0.03
18-20
8-12
304 LN
0.03
18-20
8-12
N 0.10 - 0.16
302 Cu
0.08
17-19
8-10
Cu 3-4
305
0.12
17-19
10.5-13
308
0.08
19-21
10-12
309
0.20
22-24
12-15
309S
0.08
22-24
12-15
310
0.25
24-26
19-22
310 S
0.08
24-26
19-22
314
0.25
23-26
19-22
Si 1.5-3.0
316
0.08
16-18
10-14
Mo 2-3
316F
0.08
16-18
10-14
P 0.2,S 0.1
316H
0.04-0.10 16-18
10-14
Mo 2-3
316L
0.03
10-14
Mo2-3
316LN0.03
Cr
Ni
16-18
16-18
Spl.addition
10-14
N 0.1-0.16
Cr
Ni
317
0.08
18--20
11-15
Mo 3-4
321
0.08
17-19
9-12
Ti - 5XC
347H
0.04-0.10 17-19
9-13
Nb 8xC - 1.0
330
0.08
34-37
348
0.04-0.10 17-19
0.17-20
Spl.addition
9-13
TS(Mpa) YS(Mpa) %E
304
515
205
40
309
515
205
40
Sigma embrittlement
HOT CRACKING
- Cracking occurs at high temperature close to
liqudus temp.
- Fully Austenitic weld metal are more susceptible
- Hot cracks may be macro cracks or micro cracks
Causes
- Segregation of impurities to the interdentritic regions
- Formation of low melting eutectic along the grain
boundary
- Shrinkage stresses
S+P (%)
0.12
Crack
0.08
No Crack
0.04
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Cr eq/ Ni eq
1.8
2.0
Delta ferrite
Ferrite level depends on impurity level and
service conditions
Ferrite reduces corrosion resistance
For urea service, nil or very low ferrite is
required
For equipments like transformer, generator and
non magnetic requirement, nil ferrite is required
High temperature service, sigma embrittlement
4-8% controlled ferrite level
For cryogenic service < 2% F
Schaeffler diagram
Ni equivalent= Ni+Mn/2+30C
35
30
10%F
Austenite
25
20
A+M
15
Aust.+Ferrite
10
Martensite
A+
M
M+F
+F
F+M
Ferrite
10
15
20
25
30
Cr equivalent=Cr+1.5Si+Mo+0.5Nb
35
IGC ...
Grain boundary
Chromium carbide
Nominal chromium
To avoid IGC
Reduce carbon level ( 0.04 max)
Ti & Nb addition- approx. 6-8 X C
Ti,Nb has higher affinity towards C
TiC, NbC formed instead of Cr carbide
Solution anneal
Carbides dissolved in solution
Rapid cool to retain the condition
limitatation- Distortion
Difficult for large & fully processed component
To avoid IGC
Low carbon grades
strength is low
Nitrogen strengthened aust st.steel
C- 0.03, N-0.06-0.10
304 NG & 316 NG ( Nuclear grade)
BWR application - 280 C
Radiation cause Cr depletion and enrichment Ni level
called Irradiation assisted SCC
- Applied, residual
- Minimum stress for propagation
- Compressive stresses do not cause
SCC
Corrosive medium - Chlorides
- Caustic solution
- Hydrogen sulphide
Temperature
- Susceptibility increases with
increase in temperature
Chemical composition- Nickel alloyed reduces SCC
( 35-40 % Ni fully prevents SCC)
- 3 - 8 FN
SMAW
201,202,205
GTAW, GMAW
E240
301,302,304,305,308
ER240
E308
ER 304L
304L,CF3
E308L
ER 308L
304H
E308H
ER308H
309,309S,309H,CH20 E309
309Cb, 309H Cb
E309Cb
310,310S,310H,CK20 E310
310Cb
316,CF 8M
ER309
ER 310
E310 Cb
E316
ER 316
SMAW
E316L
E316H
E317
321,321H,347,347H,348
320, CM 7M
330
E320
E330
GTAW, GMAW
ER 316L
ER 316H
ER 317
E347
ER347
ER320
ER330
CF8,CF20
E308
ER308
CG12,CH20
E309
ER 309
CF8C
E347
CN3M
E385
ER 321
Cr
Ni Spl.
E209
0.06
20-24
9-12
E219
0.06
19-21
5-7 8-10Mn
E240
0.06
17-19
4-6 10-13Mn
E307
0.04-0.14
18-21
9-10
E308
0.08
18-21
9-11
E308H
0.04-0.08
18-21
9-11
E308L
0.04
18-21
9-11
E308Mo
0.08
18-21
9-12
2-3 Mo
E347
0.08
18-21
9-11
8C-1 Cb
E309
0.15
22-25
12-14
E309Cb
0.12
22-25
12-14
E310
0.08-0.20
25-28
20-22
4-7Mn, 1.5-3.0 Mo
0.5-1.5Mo, 3- 4.7Mn
0.7-1.0Cb
Cr
Ni Spl.
E310Cb
0.12
25-28
20-22
E310H
0.35-0.45
25-28
20-22
E312
0.15
28-32
8-10
E316
0.08
17-20
11-14
2-3 Mo
E318
0.08
17-20
11-14
6XC- Cb -1.0
E317
0.08
18-21
12-14
3-4 Mo
E320
0.07
19-21
32-36
E320LR
0.03
19-21
32-36
E330
0.18-0.25
14-17
33-37
E349
0.13
18-21
8-10
0.35-0.65Mo, 0.75Cb
E383
0.03
26-29
30-33
E385
0.03
19-21
24-26
0.7-1
Low C grade
Severe SCC
Stabilised
Unstabilised
A,B
Moderate SCC
Mild SCC
B,A
A,B,C
B,A,C
No SCC
IGC
Thermal treatment
CC,F
Severe Forming
A,C,B
A,C
C
A,C
C Mn
Si Ni Cr
Others
405
0.08
1.00
1.00
11.5-14.5 0.10-0.30 Al
409
0.08
1.00
1.00
430
0.12
1.00
1.00
16.0-18.0 -
430Ti
0.10
1.00
1.00
0.75
430
0.10
1.00
1.00
0.75
434
436
0.121.001.00-
16.0-19.5
0.75-1.25 Mo
0.121.001.00-
16.0-19.5
0.75-1.25 Mo
Nb 5 X C
Si Ni Cr
Others
442
0.20
1.00
1.00
16.0-23.0 Ti 0.20+4(C+N)
446
0.20
1.50
1.00
23.0-27.0 Ti 0.25
26-1
0.006 0.75
0.30
CB 30 0.30
1.50
1.00
CC50 0.50
Grain coarsening
Martensite
Reduce
Ductility
Toughness
Reduce
PWHT
Low interstials
Improve
Weldability
Low interstials
Intermediate
purity
150-800 ppm
475 Embrittlement
- - Aging of Fe-Cr alloys at 400 -550 C for extended
periods
causes formation of Cr rich precipitates - Hard brittle inter metallic compound
- Hardness and strength increases
- Drastic reduction in ductility and toughness
- Impact transition temperature is increased
- Alloying elements Cr,Mo, increases embrittlement
- Co, Al& Ni reduces embrittlment
- Corrosion resistance decreased
475 Embrittlement
- Aging of Fe-Cr alloys at 400 -550 C for extended
periods causes formation of Cr rich precipitates
- Hard brittle inter metallic compound
- Hardness and strength increases
- Drastic reduction in ductility and toughness
- Impact transition temperature is increased
- Alloying elements Cr,Mo, increases embrittlement
- Co, Al& Ni reduces embrittlment
Welding of FSS
Matching consumable
Welding of FSS
GTAW
CURRENT
Type-DC
Polarity -Electrode negative
Electrode-Tungsten 2% Thoria
-Tapered tip
Gas shieldingAr ,He ,Ar+ He.
High purity gas
Trailing gas used for high speed
process
Welding of FSS
GTAW
Back gas shielding
High quality gas for full penetration
Nitrogen should not be used
Inert gas used atleast for two layers
Trailing gas shielding
used for high speed automatic process
Arc stability
reduced by oxidation of electrode tip
Welding of FSS
GTAW
Procedure to enhance weld quality
Welding of FSS
GMAW
CURRENT
Type-dc,Polarity-electrode Positive
Welding of FSS
GMAW
Shielding gas
Ar + 2% O2 or 2%CO2
pure Ar -results in arc instability
for group III alloys oxidising gases reduces toughness
and ductility
To solve Arc wandering problem
add oxidizing elements into the inert gas
Welding of FSS
FCAW
SHIELDING- either supplementary gas shielding or
self shielding consumable
Group III alloys-difficulty of maintaining alloy purity
weld deposits not clean
use when
application is less critical
filler used is austenitic
mode of operation -spray arc-high heat input
-problem of grain growth
Welding of FSS
SMAW
Current : type dc, polarity-electrode positive
Electrode:
choice of electrode-High Cr austenite grade to
high nickel alloy grade
Use dissimilar welding electrode when postweld
annealing is not practical
for group III alloys covered electrodes for matching
composition is not available.
Improper storage -pick up of moisture -weld porosity,HIC
Welding of FSS
SMAW
with matching filler - lower toughness
High nickel alloy weld metal - sluggish,shallow penetration
Heat input :
when ASS filler is used provide sufficient heat
to fuse FSS weld metal and to avoid lack of fusion .
General techniques
Weld joint surfaces to be cleaned using solvents
Arc should be struck in the bevel rather than on base metal
short arc shall be maintained . Excessive crater cracks
must be ground to sound weld metal
Welding of MSS
Grade C Mn
Si Cr
403
0.15
1.00
0.50
11.5-13.0
410
0.15
1.00
1.00
11.5-13.0
414
0.15
1.00
0.50
11.5-13.0 1.25-2.50
416
0.15
1.25
0.50
12.0-14.0
420
12.0-14.0
422
0.20-0.25 0.75
11.0-13.0
431
0.20
1.00
440A 0.60-0.75
1.00
Ni others
S-0.15 mi
15.0-17.0 1.25-2.50
15.0-17.0 1.25-2.50
0.75Mo
C Cr
Ni
others
CA6NM 0.06
11.5-14.0 3.5-4.5
CA15
0.15
11.5-14.0 1.0
0.50 Mo
CA40
0.40
11.5-14.0 1.0
0.5 M0
0.40 -1.0 Mo
Subcritical PWHT
403,410,416 650-760 C
Full annealing *
C
830-885
414
650-730
Not recommended
420
680-760
830-885
431
620-700
Not recommended
440A,B,C 680-760
850-900
CA6NM 600-620
780-815
CA15,CA40 620-650
850-900
<0.05
120
Optional
0.05-0.15 200
Recommended
>0.05
Necessary
315
Thank you
Cr Ni N MoTs Ys E
2304
23 4 0.1 -
2205
22 5.5 0.15
3.0
2505
25 5 0.17
2.5
2507
25 7 0.25
3.5
450
Welding of DSS
- Performance significantly affected by welding
- No preheat required
- No PWHT required
- IF PWHT is required, then heating to 1050 C and
cooled rapidly.
- Interpass temp. 150 C for 2205 steel and 70 C for
2507 steel
L+A
L
1400
F
L+F
Temp C
1200
F
+
A
L+A+F
1000
800
10
15
Ni%
Sigma embrittlemnt
sigma
- Sigma is mainly Fe, Cr compound with other
elements like Mo
- sigma formation is sluggish
- Forms congruently from ferrite at 815 C
- Cold work accelerates Sigma
Influence of sigma
- Amount of sigma
- Distribution
- isolated colonies - little effect
- Continuous network - brittleness
- Delta ferrite promotes sigma
- Minor effect on tensile and hardness
- Notch sensitivity increased
- Impairs corrosion resistance in highly
oxidising Envt.
Dissimilar Welding
Problems of dissimilar welding
Incompatibility of materials on either side
Optimization of Heat treatment
Selection of filler metal
Differences in thermal expansion coefficient
wrought
410 M 0.15
CA40
420
CB30
431,442 F+C
Not reqd
0.40
Cr
Ni
11-14
1 0.5Mo
11-14
1 0.5 Mo
0.30
18-22
2 -
64/63
10
73/69
20
58/47
41
47/49
* Room temp/355 C
%RA*