THE

HUMAN
SKELETA
L
SYSTEM

TYPES OF BONES
1.COMPACT
BONES
-dense ad looks smooth
and homogenous

2. SPONGY
BONES
-composed of small
needlelike pieces of bones and
lots of open space.

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
1. LONG BONES
- Are typically longer than they are wide. As a rule they have shaft with heads
at both ends.

Humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
2. SHORT BONES
- Generally cube-shaped and contains
mostly spongy bone.

Carpals and Tarsals

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
3. FLAT BONES
Are thin, flattened, and usually curved..

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ribs, scapula, patella

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
4. IRREGULAR BONES
- Bones that do not fit one of the preceding categories

Vertebrae, sacrum,
coccyx, sphenoid,
ethmoid, mandible, face
bones, ear bones.

STRUCTURE OF THE LONG

BONES
MACROSCOPIC
STRUCTURE

STRUCTURE OF THE LONG

MACROSCOPIC
STRUCTURE
BONES
1. PERIOSTEUM a fibrous
connective tissue membrane,
that covers and protects the
diaphysis.
2. DIAPHYSIS of Shaft makes
up most of the bones length,
providing strong support.
Compose of compact bones.
3. PERFORATING or
SHARPEYs FIBERS
hundreds of connective tissue
fibers, that secure the
periosteum to the underlying
bones.

STRUCTURE OF THE LONG

MACROSCOPIC
STRUCTURE
BONES
4. EPIPHYSES- are the ends of
the long bones. Consist of a
thin layer of compact bone
enclosing an area filled with
spongy bone.
5. ARTICULAR CARTILAGEthin layer of hyaline cartilage
that covers articular or joint
surfaces of epiphyses.
6. MARROW or MEDULLARY
CAVITY
- tube like hollow in diaphysis
of long bones.

STRUCTURE OF THE LONG

MACROSCOPIC
STRUCTURE
BONES

EPIPHYSEAL LINE

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

- A remnant of the epiphyseal

plate.

- A flate plate of hyaline cartilage.

Cause the lengthwise growth.

STRUCTURE OF THE LONG

BONES
MICROSCOPIC
STRUCTURE
1. HAVERSIAN SYSTEM or
OSTEON structural units of
compact bone matrix.
a. LAMELLAE concentric,
cylinder-shaped layers of
calcified matrix.
b. LACUNAE little lakes small
spaces containing tissue fluid
in which bone cells lie
imprisoned.
c. CANALICULI- ultrasmall
canals radiating in all
directions.
d. HAVERSIAN CANAL contains
blood vessels and lymphatic
vessels

OSTEOCYTES Mature bone cells.

An osteocyte, a star-shaped cell, is the most

abundant[citation needed] cell found in compact bone.
Cells contain a nucleus and a thin ring of cytoplasm.

BONE
- Reveals
where muscles, tendons, and
MARKINGS
ligaments were attached and where blood
vessels and nerves pass.

TWO
CATEGORIES
OF BONE
MARKINGS
a. Projection or Processes grows
out from the bone surface.
b. Depression or Cavities
indentations in the bone.

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH,

AND REMODELING

The process of creating bone, that

is of transforming cartilage (or
fibrous tissue) into bone.

The natural process of bone formation.

The hardening or calcification of soft tissue into a bonelike material.
A mass or deposit of such material.

FRACTURES

TYPES OF
FRACTURES

Closed or simple fracture The bone is

broken, but the skin is not lacerated.
Open or compound fracture - The skin may
be pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks
the skin at the time of the fracture. The bone
may or may not be visible in the wound.
Transverse fracture The fracture is at
right angles to the long axis of the bone
Greenstick fracture - Fracture on one side of
the bone, causing a bend on the other side of
the bone.
Comminuted fracture - A fracture that results
in three or more bone fragments.

Oblique Fracture The fracture is diagonal to

a bones long axis.
Spiral Fracture At least one part of the bone
has been twisted.

SIMPLE FRACTURE

COMPOUND

TRANSVERSE

GREENSTICK

SPIRAL FRACTURE

COMMINUTED

OBLIQUE FRACTURE

1. HEMATOMA IS FORMED
- rupture of blood vessels,
bone cells died and swelling
occurs.

2. SPLINTING OF BREAKS IS
SPLINTED BY A
FIBROCARTILAGE CALLUS
- growth of new capillaries,
disposal of dead tissue by
phagocytosis.

3. FORMATION OF BONY
CALLUS.
- the fibrocartilage callus is
gradually replaced by spongy
bones.

4. BONE REMODELLING
- formation of strong
permanent patch at the
fracture site.

AXIAL
SKELETON

Forms the longitudinal axis of the body.

THREE PARTS:
1. Skull
2. Vertebral Column
3. Bony Thorax

Hinge
A hinge joint allows extension and retraction of an apendage.

HINGE

Saddle
A saddle joint allows movement back and forth and up and down, bot does
not allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint.

SADDLE

Ball and Socket

A ball and socket joint allows for radial movment in almost any direction.
They are found in the hips and shoulders.

BALL AND SOCKET

ng
gliding or plane joint bones slide past each other. Midcarpal and midtarsal joints are gliding jo

Ellipsoid
to a ball and socket joint. They allow the same type of movment to a lesser magnitude. The

Pivot
forearms have pivot joints. In the neck the occipital bone spins over the top of the axis. In th