CAP SENSORS and TRANSDUCERS UNIT I

UNIT I
Topics:
SENSORS and
TRANSDUCERS
Capacitive Sensors
Inductive Sensors
Force/Stress sensors using
quartz resonator
Prepared By
N.Seenu
Asst professor
Mechatronics
Hindustan University
Capacitive Sensors
Contents
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Capacitor & Capacitance

Capacitance Transducer
Displacement Transducer
Proximity Transducer
Level Transducer
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Hindustan University 2
Capacitor & Capacitance

A
combination of plates which

can hold an electric charge is
called a capacitor
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Capacitance
C = q/V Where,
C capacitance
q charge
V voltage/potential difference
Capacitance C is constant for a
capacitor
C Depends on the shapes and
relative position of the plates
SI unit for capacitance is 1 farad = 1
coulomb/volt
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Another Formula for

capacitance
C=
Flat capacitor in vaccum.
A useful displacement sensor can be built

with coaxial cylinderical capacitor if the inner
conductor can be moved in and out of the
outer conductor.
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Dielectric Constant
Filling
the space between the

plates with a dielectric
increase the capacitance of the
device by a factor of k
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Capacitance Transducer
In a good capacitor, a dielectric constant k
and geometry G better be stable.
Ideally, they should not vary with temperature,
humidity, pressure, or any other
environmental factors.
to design a
capacitive sensor,
you need to make a
bad capacitor
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Displacement Transducer
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you
can vary the area of the

plates
you can vary the displacement
between the plates
you can vary the position of the
dielectric medium inside the
capacitor
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here the separation

between the capacitor
plates changes.
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Capacitance level
transducer
liquid
metals at high
temperatures
liquid gases - low temperatures
Corrosive liquids like acids
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Proximity Transducer
An intruder
brings in an
additional
capacitance to a
detection circuit
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Capacitive intrusion detector for

automotive applications
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a. Capacitive proximity sensor A driven shield is

positioned on the metal arm of a grounded robot
b. Without the shield, the electric field is distributed
between the electrode and the robot
c. while a driven shield directs electric field from the
electrode toward the object
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Inductive Sensors
Inductance:
an ability of a varying magnetic
field to induce electric current in a
wire
Electric current is generated as
long as the magnetic field changes
induced voltage, or electromotive
force (e.m.f.), is equal to the rate
at which the
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magnetic flux through the circuit

changes. the e.m.f. (e) will be in
volts
The equation means that

the voltage in a pick-up
circuit can be produced by
either changing amplitude
of magnetic field (B) or area
of the
circuit (A).
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moving
the source of the

magnetic field (magnet, coil,
wire, etc.);
varying the current in the coil
or wire which produces the
magnetic field;
changing the geometry of a pickup circuit, for instance, by
stretching it or squeezing, or
changing the number of turns in
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Induced
voltage is proportional to
the rate of change in current
through the inductor.
Voltage is essentially zero for dc.
Voltage increases linearly with
the current rate of change.
Induced voltage is always in the
direction which opposes the
change in current.
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An inductive proximity sensor

is a type of non-contact electronic
proximity sensor that is used to
detect the position of metal
objects.
dependent on the type of metal
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Electric
current generates a magnetic

field, which collapses generating a current
that falls toward zero from its initial trans
when the input electricity ceases.
The inductance of the loop changes
according to the material inside it and
since metals are much more effective
inductors than other materials the
presence of metal increases the current
flowing through the loop.
This change can be detected by sensing
circuitry, which can signal to some other
device whenever metal is detected
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Applications
Metal
detectors,
traffic lights,
car washes,
a host of automated industrial
processes.
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Inductive sensors
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Vibration measurements on
shafts and bearings
Tape tension control

monitoring
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Robot grippers
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Coil and transformer

production
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Metal object detection and

counting
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Handling and robotics
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Design, function and

electrical connection
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The
oscillator creates a high frequency

electromagnetic field, which radiates from
the sensing face of the switch.
When a conductive metal object enters this
electromagnetic field, eddy currents are
induced within the metal, causing a change
in the amplitude of the oscillations.
The result is a voltage change at the output
of the oscillator, which causes the trigger to
change
state and alter the output state.
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Displacement
measurement
Inductive
sensors with analog output signals are

characterized by their short response times, high
resolution and linearity as well as their outstanding
repeat accuracy. The output current and voltage
values are proportional to the distance between the
sensor and the object being detected. In
other words, they represent absolute measured
values corresponding to the distance between
the active surface and the object. These properties
make inductively measuring linear sensors
extremely interesting for numerous applications in
the area of measurement and control engineering.
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Travel / position /
displacement
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Dia/eccentricity &
deformation
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Size comparison &

Taper/ramp
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Hygienic design for the food area
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LVDT
linear variable differential
transformer
inductive based sensor
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Quartz Resonator Technology

Introduction
The
widespread use of digital

computers and digital control
systems have generated a need
for high accuracy, inherently
digital sensors
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These quartz sensors are used to

accurately measure:
Pressure
Acceleration
Angular Rate (Gyros)
Temperature
Weight (Scales)
Force (Load Cells)
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Quartz Crystal Resonators Convert Analog Forces

to Digital Outputs with Parts per Billion Resolution
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Material Properties and

Characteristics of Quartz Sensors
Piezoelectric
[pressure-charge
generation]
Anisotropic [directiondependent]Elastic Modulus
Piezoelectric Constants
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Optical Index of Refraction
Velocity of Propagation
Hardness
Solubility [etch rate]
Thermal and Electrical conductivity
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Advantages of Quartz resonant Sensors

High
Resolution
Excellent Accuracy
Long Term Stability
Low Power Consumption
Low Temperature Sensitivity
Low Susceptibility to Interference
Easy to Transmit Over Long Distances
Easy to Interface With Counter-Timers,
Telemetry, and Digital Computer
Systems
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Design of Quartz Resonant

Sensors
Single
Beam Force Sensors

Double-Ended Tuning Fork Force
Sensors
Torsional Temperature Sensors
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Single Beam Force Sensor
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Double-Ended Tuning Fork Force Sensors
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Application Areas for Quartz

Sensors with Nano NanoResolution
Atmospheric
Oceanic
Seismic
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Tsunami Warning System
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CAP SENSORS and TRANSDUCERS UNIT I

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UNIT I

Capacitor & Capacitance

Capacitor & Capacitance

combination of plates which

Another Formula for

Flat capacitor in vaccum.

A useful displacement sensor can be built

the space between the

can vary the area of the

here the separation

Capacitive intrusion detector for

a. Capacitive proximity sensor A driven shield is

magnetic flux through the circuit

The equation means that

the source of the

An inductive proximity sensor

current generates a magnetic

Tape tension control

Coil and transformer

Metal object detection and

Handling and robotics

Design, function and

oscillator creates a high frequency

sensors with analog output signals are

Size comparison &

Hygienic design for the food area

inductive based sensor

Quartz Resonator Technology

widespread use of digital

These quartz sensors are used to

Quartz Crystal Resonators Convert Analog Forces

Material Properties and

Advantages of Quartz resonant Sensors

Design of Quartz Resonant

Beam Force Sensors

Single Beam Force Sensor

Double-Ended Tuning Fork Force Sensors

Application Areas for Quartz

Tsunami Warning System

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