EFFICIENT SOLAR SYSTEM,MPPT AND

CONTROL

India has a vast supply of renewable energy resources, and it has one of the largest
programs in the world for deploying renewable energy products and systems. Indeed, it
is the
only country in the world to have an exclusive ministry for renewable energy
development, the
Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES). Since its formation, the Ministry
has
launched one of the worlds largest and most ambitious programs on renewable energy.
Based
on various promotional efforts put in place by MNES, significant progress is being made
in
power generation from renewable energy sources. In October, MNES was renamed the
Ministry
of New and Renewable Energy.

EFFICIENT SOLAR
SYSTEM,MPPT AND
CONTROL
PROF.C.D.PATHAK

 Conventional sources of energy are rapidly

depleting and the cost of energy is rising.
renewable energy sources are abundant,
pollution free, distributed throughout the earth,
recyclable.
Its drawbacks are high installation cost, energy
conversion efficiency is relatively low.
These problems can be solved by 1) increase
the efficiency of conversion and 2) maximize
the output power (MPPT).
2

Why solar

The main advantages of renewable power generation

are the usage of an infinitely available primary energy
source and the less severe environmental effects.
the cost of wind & solar power is relatively low when
compared to other renewable energy sources.
Grid-connected wind capacity is undergoing the fastest
rate of growth than other power generation scheme.
Capacity has been doubling every three years for the
last decade.
The worldwide installed PV power capacity is also
exponentially increase.

Scenario in india
India is the eleventh largest economy in the
world, fourth in terms of purchasing power.
Since thermal generation is based on burning
coal or oil, increases in CO2 emissions, which
damage the environment and affect global
warming.
To better understand the current situation in
India and the future of the renewable energies
market, it is important to look at the trends in
energy consumption, growth of the current grid,
and the availability of transportation and
equipment used there.

Growth predictions

Estimated Wind Power Potential in

India

PV Physics
Photoelectric or photovoltaic (PV) effect Light
shines on a PV cell, it may be reflected,
absorbed, or pass through it. But only the
absorbed light generates electricity

Use crystalline silicon to explain the

photovoltaic effect Crystalline silicon was the
material used in the earliest successful PV
devices
It is still the most widely used PV material
7

Crystalline silicon
As depicted in this simplified
diagram, silicon has 14 electrons
The four electrons that orbit the
nucleus in the outermost "valence"
energy level are given to, accepted
from, or shared with other atoms
These outermost four electrons,
called valence electrons, play a
very
important
role
in
the
photoelectric effect.
The solid silicon crystal is
composed of a regular series of
units of five silicon atoms. This
regular, fixed arrangement of silicon
atoms is known as the crystal lattice
8

WORKING OF PV CELL

The basic components of a Crystalline

Silicon Thin Film Solar Cell

10

Basic structure of a generic silicon PV cell

11

PV CELL, MODULES AND ARRAYS

12

STRUCTURE OF THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS

13

MULTIJUCTION DEVICES

14

15

LOWERING THE COST OF CELLS

cost of a single-crystal GaAs substrate, estimated at as
much as $10,000 per square meter.
GaAs cells are used primarily in concentrator systems.
The typical concentrator cell is approximately 0.25 cm 2 in
area and can produce ample power under high
concentrations.
This cost is low enough to make GaAs cells competitive,
assuming that module efficiencies can reach between
25% and 30%o and that the cost of the rest of the system
can be reduced.
Fabricate GaAs cells on cheaper substrates like silicon or
germanium, rather than on the more expensive GaAs
substrates.
The highest efficiencies of GaAs-on-Si cells obtained
16
exceeded 22%.

Power output, cost and efficiency for solar cell of

different materials.
Vmp
Material

Power O/P

(typi.) Imp (typi.)

Pmax (watt) Volts.

Monocrystalline

Cost(Rs/Wp)
Conv.

Manu.

Amp./cm2

efficiency

cost

Comm.
cost

165W/m2

0.46

0.036

15-16%

130 to 150

250 to 270

134 W/m2

0.46

0.029

13-14%

80 to 100

190 to 220

CZ silicon

152 W/m2

0.56

0.027

15%

100

Around 200

Amorphus

70 W/m2

0.9

0.0078

7%

110

200 to 220

105 W/m2

0.7

0.015

10-11%

80 to 90

160 to 180

silicon
Poly crayst.
silicon

silicon
Cadmium
telluride

17

REQUIRED DIMENSIONS AND EFFICIENCY FOR PANEL

OF VARIOUS MATERIAL

MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON
Data: - Vmp-0.46V, Imp-0.036 Amp. /cm2, -15 %
For 100W, 17Volts (storage battery condition level for commercial tools )
number of cell in series = 17/0.46 = 36 current of 100W = 100/16.56 = 6.04Amp.
cell area = 6.04/0.036 = 167.77cm2 Penal area = 167.7736 = 6040 cm2 .
Normal dimension for100W=116.57cm height)51.81cm(width)5cm

500W:- Total dimension of 500W panel = 116.57cm (H)260cm(W)5cm

And efficiency ()= 16.56(56.04)/0.1167.77365 =16.56%
1000W:- similarly 10 strings of 100W are connected in parallel for 1000W.
Total dimension of panel = 233cm (H)260cm(W)5cm(D)
Eficiency()= 16.56(106.04)/0.1167.773610 = 16.56%

1500W:- Here connected 15 strings of 100W in parallel. Then total dimension for
1500W = 350cm (H)260cm(W)5cm(D)
And efficiency = 1500/ (0.1350260) = 16.48%
18

Required dimensions, cost and efficiency for 500W,

1000W, 1500W panel of different materials.
Monocrystalline

Polycrastalline

CZ silicon

Cadmium

Silicon

Silicon

No. of cell For 16-17V

36

36

30

24

Imp for 100W (Amp.)

6.04

6.04

5.95

5.95

Cell area Of 1 cell (cm2)

167.77

208

220.45

396.66

Efficiency (%)

16.56

13.35

15.12

10.50

Total dimension For 500W

HWD- cm.

116.572605

129.802885

89.103725

119.54004

Cost for 500W

125000 Rs.

95000 Rs.

100000 Rs.

80000 Rs.

Total dimension For 1000W

HWD- cm.

2332605

2602885

178.203725

2394004

Cost for 1000W

250000 Rs.

190000 Rs.

200000 Rs.

160000 Rs.

Total dimension For 1500W

HWD- cm.

3502605

3902885

267.303725

358.504004

Cost for 1500W

375000 Rs.

285000 Rs.

300000 Rs.

19Rs.
240000

telluride

Layout of mono-crystalline silicon module for 50 watt.

20

WORLDWIDE INSTALLED PHOTOVOLTAIC TOTALS

Installed PV Power as of the end of 2005
PV Capacity
Cumulative

Installed in 2005

Country
Off-grid PV

Grid-connected

[kW]

[kW]

Japan

87,057

Germany

Total [kW]

Total [kW]

Grid-tied [kW]

1,334,851

1,421,908

289,917

287,105

29,000

1,400,000

1,429,000

635,000

632,000

United States

233,000

246,000

479,000

103,000

70,000

Australia

41,841

8,740

60,581

8,280

1,980

Spain

15,800

41,600

57,400

20,400

18,600

Netherlands

4,919

45,857

50,776

1,697

1,547

Italy

12,300

15,200

37,500*

6,800

21
6,500

SOLAR SYSTEM APPLICATIONS

The use of solar thermal applications has a long history
Archimedes is reported to have boiled water using a
concave mirror as early as 214 BC
Thermal systems today still represent the most cost
effective use of solar energy
Solar thermal signifies the thermal use of solar energy in
general
A number of different technical application exist Besides,
building space heating, water heating or industrial
process, solar thermal systems can be use for cooling
applications or electricity generation with solar thermal
power plants
38

Solar
heating
Solar collector collects energy to
heat air or fluid,
commonly there is a reservoir,
except for pool heating.
39

Solar Pool Heating

The
absorbers
(Collector)
convert solar radiation to
available heat for the swimming
pool
A pump moves the pool water
through the absorber
The Collector heats up the
water and returns it to the pool
A hot water storage tank such
as is common in domestic water
heating systems is not needed
the pool water itself serves as
heat storage
40

Solar Water Heating

Solar Heating Devices directly
absorb the sun's radiation with
specially-coated absorbers to
heat air or water for use in a
building.
Solar water heaters can be
used in large commercial
applications (e.g. hotels or
breweries)
low-profile installations on
residences anywhere in the
United States.
41

WATER HEATER

Used
water
is
replaced through a
fresh supply of cold
water through an
inlet at the bottom
of the tank
This cold water
joins the cycle and
is heated in the
collector
The system itself is
inert and cannot
react
to
fast
changes in the
solar irradiance

42

Systems with forced circulation

43

Process in a Flat-plate Collector

44

Liquid flat-plate collectors

Heat liquid as
it
flows
through tubes
in or adjacent
to
the
absorber plate
The simplest
liquid systems
use
potable
household
water, which is
heated as it
passes irectly
through
the
collector and
then flows to
the house
45

Evacuated-tube collectors

Evacuated-tube collectors can achieve extremely high temperatures (170F

to 350F), making them more appropriate for cooling applications and
commercial and industrial application. However, evacuated-tube collectors
are more expensive than flat-plate collectors, with unit area costs about
twice that of flat-plate collectors

46

Daylighting

Daylighting is a combination of
energy conservation and passive
solar design
Aimed to make the most of the
natural daylight that is available
Traditional techniques
Shallow plan design, allowing
daylight to penetrate all rooms
and corridors
Light wells in the centre of
buildings
Roof lights
Tall windows, which allow light to
penetrate deep inside rooms the
use of task lighting directly over
the workplace, rather than
lighting the whole building interior
47

Solar Lighting

Throughout the 1900s, use of the sun as a source of

energy has evolved considerably Early in the century, the
sun was the primary source of interior light for buildings
during the day
Eventually, the cost, convenience, and performance of
electric lamps improved and the sun was displaced as our
primary method of lighting building interiors.
Nowadays, we attempts to use sunlight directly for interior
lighting via lens collectors, reflective light-pipes, and
fiberoptic bundles
The most recent technology, Hybrid solar lighting, collects
sunlight and routs it through optical fibers into buildings
where it is combined with electric light in "hybrid" light
fixtures
Sensors keep the room at a steady lighting level by
adjusting the electric lights based on the sunlight available
This new generation of solar lighting combines both
electric and solar power
Hybrid solar lighting pipes sunlight directly to the light
fixture and no energy conversions are necessary, therefore
the process is much more efficient
48

Hybrid Solar lighting

Use sunlight to simultaneously light

interior spaces and generate electricity.
Hybrid solar lighting makes better use
of sunlight in its natural form and
specifically
targets
the
energy
consumed by electric lights
Use a specially designed collector to
focus natural, full-spectrum sunlight into
optical cables while simultaneously
converting otherwise wasted infrared
energy into electricity
The optical cables would then deliver
the full-spectrum sunlight to light
fixtures throughout a building.
Hybrid Solar lighting would convert
sunlight to electricity much more
efficiently than conventional solar
technologies
49

Concentrated solar power

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) devices optically focus or concentrate the

thermal energy of the sun to drive a generator or heat engine. They do so by
means of lenses or more commonly mirrors arranged in a dish, trough or tower
configuration

50

Power towers

The 10 megawatt (MW) Solar One

system at Barstow, California is a good
example
This uses a field of tracking heliostats,
which reflect the suns rays onto a boiler
at the top of a central tower
Initially the Barstow plant used special
high-temperature synthetic oils to carry
away the heat to a steam boiler
Between 1996 and 1999, it operated
including heat storage using molten salt
at over 500oC
A new tower project is being built near
Seville in Spain to explore the use of
super-heated air as a heat transfer
medium.
This will transfer heat at 700oC from the
collector at the top to the tower to an
insulated heat store filled with wire mesh
and ceramic pellets, and then to a boiler
to raise steam for use in a conventional
turbine

51

10 MW PS 10 Plant in the South of Spain under

construction early 2006

52

Vision of large-scale Central Receiver Systems

53

Parabolic trough
concentrator system

Most of the worlds solar generated

electricity is produces at a large solar power
station developed by Luz international, at
Kramer junction in the Mojave desert in
California Using large fields of parabolic
trough collectors
The collectors heat
synthetic oil to 390oC, which can then
produce high-temperature steam via a heat
exchanger
On 1 July 1997, the SEGS VI plant reached
its all time single day performance record,
averaging 18% efficiency
Current thinking is that a solar thermal plant
should be combined with fossil generation
and/or some kind of storage
This would allow generation at night, making
better use of the capital investment in the
team turbine of the plant

150 MW Parabolic-trough Solar

power Plant in the U.S.

54

Parabolic dish
concentrator
systems

An alternative approach is to put the

engine itself at the focus of the mirror
This has been tried both with small
steam engines and with Stirling engines
Although
steam
engines
have
fundamental difficulties when operating
with input temperatures above 700oC
Stirling engines with right materials can
be made to operate at temperatures of
up to 1000oC, with consequent higher
efficiencies
Current experimental solar systems
using these have managed very high
overall
conversion
efficiencies,
approaching 30% on average over the
day
Visualization of a Dish-Stirling Farm
55

Boeing solar-powering Stirling engine

56

Solar ponds
A totally different approach
Use a large, salty lake as a kind of flat plate collector
If the lake has the right gradient of salt concentration (salty water
at the bottom and fresh water at the top) and the water is clear
enough, solar energy is absorbed on the bottom of the pond
The hot, salty water cannot rise, because it is heavier than the
fresh water on top The upper layers of water effectively act as an
insulating blanket and
the temperature at the bottom of the pond can reach 90oC This is
high enough temperature to run an organic rankine cycle (ORC)
engine
As the thermodynamic limitations of the relatively low
temperatures mean low solar-to-electricity conversion efficiencies,
typically less than 2%. Nevertheless, system of 50MW electrical
output, fed from a lake of 20 hectares, have been demonstrated

57

Solar ponds

58

Solar ponds

Advantage
This system is that the large
thermal mass of the pond acts
as a heat store, and electricity
generation can go on day or
night
Disadvantage
Large amounts of fresh water
are required to maintain the
salt gradient
These can e hard to find in the
solar ponds natural location,
the desert
Indeed, the best use for solar
ponds may be to generate
heat for water desalination
plants, creating enough fresh
water to maintain themselves
and also supply drinking water
59

ISRAEL'S 150-KW SOLAR POND

60

Solar chimneys
produced
in
a
very
large
greenhouse which is allowed to rise
through a tall chimney
The up draught is used to turn air
turbine at the base of the chimney,
driving a generator to produce
electricity
A 50kW prototype built in Spain in
1981 used a greenhouse collector
240m in diameter feeding warm air
to a chimney 195m high
In a very sunny region of the world,
a cost-optimum plant might have an
output of 100MW using a collector
3.6 km in diameter and feeding a
chimney 950 m tall
Because
such
design
only
produced warm air (a 35oC
temperature rise has been assumed
in the calculations) the overall
generation efficiency would be low,
around 1.3%

prototype plant at Manzanares, Spain

61

Working principle

62

Remote area applications

63

64

Applications-buildings, grid
connected systems

65

Applications

Helios prototype- solar remotely piloted aircraft World altitude record for propellerdriven aircraft of almost 97,000 feet.
Nuon Solar Team Records for Nuna3 model: 103 km/h, 858 km in 9 hour day
66

Applications - space

67

World's largest PV power plants

DC Peak

Location

Description

MWh/year

12 MW

Gut Erlasse, Germany

1408 SOLON mover

14,000 MWh

11 MW*

Serpa, Portugal

52,000 solar modules

Press Release

10 MW

Pocking, Germany

57,912 solar modules

11,500 MWh

6.3 MW

Mhlhausen, Germany

57,600 solar modules

6,750 MWh

5.2 MW

Kameyama, Japan

47,000 square meters on Sharp LCD factory roof

n.a.

5 MW

Brstadt, Germany

30,000 BP solar modules

4,200 MWh

5 MW

Espenhain, Germany

33,500 Shell solar modules

5,000 MWh

4.59 MW

Springerville, AZ, USA

34,980 BP solar modules

7,750 MWh

25,000 BP solar modules

3,400 MWh

Power

4 MW

Geiseltalsee, Merseburg,
Germany

4 MW

Gottelborn, Germany

50,000 solar modules (when completed)

8,200 MWh (when completed)

4 MW

Hemau, Germany

32,740 solar modules

3,900 MWh

3.9 MW

Rancho Seco, CA, USA

n.a.

n.a.

3.3 MW

Dingolfing, Germany

Sharp and KyocSolaraera solar modules

3,050 MWh

3.3 MW

Serre, Italy

60,000 solar modules

n.a.

68

69

 The growing utilization of such a not

controllable energy sources, especially in
remote locations, can contribute to make
the transmission system unstable .
New protection systems and managing
strategies require to prevent such
catastrophic events.
Need technologies for renewable energy
generation for reduction in cost and
improvement of controllability.
70

The power system is facing new challenges resulting

from the unbundling of the electric power sector.
There is large integration of dispersed generation with
a large contribution of intermittent energy sources
namely wind-solar power.
Most important is to identify the main operating
problems and tools that can be used to help system
operation.
The advances in power electronics have allowed many
power system applications to become more flexible and
to accomplish smoother regulation.

71

System operators are concerned with variations in wind

plant output and force the conventional power plants to
provide compensating variations to maintain system
balance.
the conventional power plants to deviate from operating
points that are chosen to minimize the total cost of
operation of the entire system.
The operators concerns are compounded by the fact
that conventional power plants are generally under
their control and wind and solar plants are controlled by
nature.
72

Wind and solar power plants must provide the power

quality required to ensure the stability and reliability of
the power system.
The advances in power electronics have allowed many
power system applications to become more flexible and
to accomplish smoother regulation.
Applications such as reactive power compensation,
static transfer switches, energy storage, and variablespeed generations are commonly found in modern
wind and solar power plants.
the voltage and frequency must be kept as stable as
possible.
73

WEATHER FORECASTING AND LOAD

SCHEDULING
It is important in integration studies to use
concurrent load and data to capture the corelations between load and weather condition.
The use of numerical weather prediction
models to produce a time-series of plant output
data.
This approach produces a temporally, spatially,
and physically consistent dataset.
Forecast data must also be modeled.
74

it collects sufficient research data using numerous

instruments and computer data loggers.
The vital data are sampled every 10 seconds, and
then are averaged and stored every 10 minutes.
The incoming data includes information about the
air temperature and wind speed.
The performance parameters include the DC
voltage and current generated by the pv roof, and
75
the AC power on the inverter output side.

The variable-frequency generator output is first rectified

into DC, and then inverted into a fixed-frequency AC.
the rectifier harmonics are filtered out by the inductor
and capacitors.
The frequency reference for the inverter firing and the
voltage reference for the rectifier phase-angle control
are taken from the grid lines.

76

The algorithm for the peak power by changing the speed

reference in the appropriate direction.
Depending on the magnitude and direction of change in
active power, the speed reference is modified towards it
optimal operating point.
the output power and speed are sampled at regular
intervals of time, and if the wind velocity is stable the
system was originally at its optimum point, then no action
is taking.

77

A disadvantage of this algorithm is that uses the turbine

characteristics to determine the amount of change in
the speed reference with respect to the change in
power.
This introduces dependence of the algorithm to the
characteristics of a particular turbine.
each change in wind speed, the algorithm will have to
search for the optimum point even if it has been
previously determined.

78

MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

MPPT is not a mechanical tracking system that
physically moves the modules to make them point
more directly at the sun.
MPPT is a fully electronic system that varies the
electrical operating point of the modules so that the
modules are able to deliver maximum available power.
Additional power harvested from the modules is then
made available as increased battery charge current.
MPPT can be used in conjunction with a mechanical
tracking system, but the two systems are completely
different.
79

Basic block diagram of solar

photovoltaic system with MPPT

80

PV Panel: Converts solar energy to electrical energy and supplies voltage to

charge controller.
Charge Controller: Controls the charge for the battery so that battery can
not over charge or over discharge.
MPPT: Controls the charge given to the charge controller through maximum
power point tracking. The MPPT increases the efficiency of solar power
conversion by supplying maximum charge to the charge controller. Thus,
maximum power can be drawn at the load continuously.Operates the charge
controller at desired point so that maximum power can be obtained.
Battery bank: Stores the charge produced by PV Panel.
Inverter: Converts DC quantity to AC quantity.

81

Modern turbine inverters are forced commutated PWM

inverters are to provide a fixed voltage and fixed
frequency output with a high power quality.
voltage source voltage controlled inverters and voltage
source current controlled inverters have been applied .
high power wind turbines effective power control can
be achieved with double PWM converters which
provide a bi- directional power flow between the turbine
generator and the utility grid.

82

In order to make the PV generation system more

flexibility and expandability, the later power circuit is
composed of a high step-up converter and a pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) inverter.
In the dc-dc power conversion, the high step-up
converter is introduced to improve the conversion
efficiency in conventional boost converters and to allow
the parallel operation of low-voltage PV modules.
an adaptive total sliding-mode control (ATSMC) system
is designed for the voltage control of the PWM inverter
to maintain a sinusoidal output voltage with lower total
harmonic distortion (THD) and less variation under
various output loads

83

to improve the reliability of power generation from wind

or solar, short term energy storage in batteries
combined with ultra capacitors is used.
The system is simulated and contains detailed models
of a lead acid battery pack and a simple model of the
Capacitor bank.
The energy conversion system is simulated by
measured time series with a time resolution of one
second.
Within this time, the storage system should be able to
compensate all type of rapid changes occurs by
fluctuations.
84

It should has several advantages: simplicity, high

convergence speed, and independent characteristics.
The computed maximum power is compared with
instantaneous actual power, the error between
reference (maximum) power and actual power
activates ON/OFF controller to drive the buck chopper.

85

SINGLE-PHASE INVERTER TOPOLOGY

Linear regulator often plays important role in
implementing power supply capable of constant
voltage/current control.
It always provides lots of advantages such as low
ripple noise, good regulation, easy control
strategy. However due to bulky size, low efficiency
switch mode technique has become inevitable
development trend for raising the power density,
power efficiency and dynamic performance.
The feedback signal of voltage is given to control
circuit using PI-controller for control and protection
purpose.
86

SIMULATION OF CLOSED LOOP CONVERTER

CONTROL SYSTEM
Control system should be able to adjust duty cycle
in time in order to regulate the output voltage with
input voltage and load variation.
Voltage mode and current control mode control
technique adapted to design switching power
supply.
The input voltage varying after the variation of
output voltage occur.
the transient response of voltage mode control is
slow for any variation of power stage.
87

Schematic diagramme

88

WORKING OF CIRCUIT

The basic principle of following circuits in the

boosting up the voltage are, charging & discharging
reactive component into a load, controlling the level
of charge & consequently output voltage by
switching the DC supply in & out of the circuit at
very high frequencies.
They include a freewheeling diode to protects the
switch from inductors very reverse current and this
also ensures that the generated inductor energy is
applied to load capacitor are connected in parallel
with load, to filter the voltage ripple & to maintain
constant output voltage.
89

CONVECTION CONTROL SCHEME

USING PI-CONTROLLER
DC voltage of load is fed back and compared with
reference voltage.
there is reduced dc voltage then there is difference
between ref. voltage & O/P voltage.
PI-controller stabilizes this error and give the modulated
signal output for PWM scheme.
Signal from PI-controller is compared with high
frequency signal reference signal to produce gate pulses
for all IGBTs .
The duty cycle is varied according to output voltage.
To increase the output voltage increases the duty ratio.
90

Switching of the two arms using unipolar

PWM modulation scheme

91

COMPARISON BETWEEN PI OUTPUT SIGNAL AND

CARRIER SIGNAL

92

GATE PULSES FOR FOUR IGBTS OF

CONVERTER

93

CONVERTER OUTPUT 230V DC

94

Switching signal of the two arms of PWM

modulation scheme

95

OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

WAVEFORM

96

RESULT
Spv system
voltage

Changing
in spv
panel

VIN

voltage

(d.c.Volt)

Vin

22
21.5
21
20.9
20.8
19.1
19
18.9
18.8
18
17.9
17.5
17

10 %
7.5 %
5%
4.5%
4%
4.5%
5%
5.5%
6%
10 %
10.5%
12.5 %
15 %

Change in
Vinverter
(a.c. volt)

259.7
252
245
242.28
240.85
229.9
229.7
230.53
229.53
230.458
229.77
229.28
226.46

IL Amp

1.29
1.26
1.22
1.21
1.20
1.149
1.148
1.15
1.147
1.152
1.14
1.14
1.132

Power
(watt)

335.013
317.52
298.9
293.15
289.02
264.155
263.69
265.10
263.27
265.48
261.93
261.37
256.352

inverter
output
voltage
Vinverter

12.09 %
8.87 %
5.8 %
5.06%
4.4%
0.33%
0.39%
0.03%
0.4%
0.43 %
0.359%
0.94 %
2.1 %

Change in
power
output
P

25 %
19 %
12 %
10%
8.7%
0.586%
0.73%
0.25%
0.65%
0.065 %
1.40%
1.66 %
97
3.5%

CONCLUSION
the variation in inverter output power when there is a
small variation in input supply or variation in solar panel
power output due to change in solar radiation during the
day.
These inverter topologies can be used for photovoltaic
applications and particular inverters for the AC-Module.
The task for such an inverter is to amplify the
photovoltaic-module low voltage up to the higher-level
voltage of the grid and to convert it from DC into AC. and
maintain it constant even if there is a variation in
atmospheric condition or in solar radiation during the
whole day.
98

P.V. SYSTEM WITH GRID AS A BACK-UP

Todays photovoltaic power system for water
pumping, lighting and other application are
bringing substantial social benefits to the
developing countries.
grid connected system are being installed as
part of utility-scale distributed electricity
generation clearly system engineering plays an
important role in the construction of a
satisfactory solar electricity supply.
99

Schematic diagram of photovoltaic

system

100

Different way to connecting the PV

system to the grid

101

logic program
sense the solar panel
o/p, battery voltage &
load power

power o/p from

solar panel is
sufficient for
connected load

switching power
supply to load thru
panel & remaining
power will charge the
battery(c-1 & c-3 on)
switching power supply
to load thru a battery
and power from panel
will charge the battery
(c-2 & c-3 on)

check battery
is capable to
supply power
for connected
load

switching power supply

to load thru a grid and
panel
will charge
the battery
(c-4 & c-3 on)

102

PRACTICAL RESULT FOR GRID AS A

BACK-UP

Solar panel o/p

Battery

voltage
18 v
17 v
16 v
15 v
15 v
15 v
15 v
15 v
15 v
15 v
spv of
spv of
spv of
spv of
spv of

voltage
12.5 v
12.5 v fully
12.5 v charge
12.5 v
d
12.5 v
12.5 v
12.5 v partly
12.5 v charge
12.5 v
d
12.5 v
10 v
10 v partly
10 v charge
10 v
d
10 v

Load (watt)

Remarks

0w
15 w
30 w
45 w
60 w
0w
15 w
30 w
45 w
60 w
0w
15 w
30 w
45 w
60 w

Solar panel on
Solar panel on
Solar panel on
on
main supply on
Solar panel on
Solar panel on
on
on
main supply on
on
on
main supply on
main supply on
103
Main supply on

Practical Result for grid as a backup

104

FUTURE SCOPE

Make algorithm for forecasting of power output

according to latitude and longitude angle, height,
temperature, wind velocity and season for particular
place from any where in world.
Solar radiation calculation and land area calculation for
solar power plant and also calculation of wind power
according to wind velocity forecasted data.
From that make load distribution efficiently.
A energy conversion system with a custom wind turbine
and PV system construct based on model .

105

The most important is modeling to ensure that the

torque and power transfer from the wind turbine to the
generator relationship is correct.
The system was also modeled in such a way that
effects such as tower shadow, etc. and reflect the
performance of the control algorithm clearly.
Implementing the axial tracking with the electrical
(MPPT) tracking on a solar PV module and checking its
response on the module power output.

106

Development of Automatic recording and monitoring

system of the temperature, wind velocity and insolation
level on the module to predict the peak power of the
module.
Predictive current controller for pulse-width-modulation
which leads to significantly improvement in output
current waveforms (i.e. low harmonic distortion), fast
dynamic response to resource variations, and
enhanced stability with respect to system parameter
variations.
Comprehensive protection functions including voltage,
current, and frequency protections and fit for netmetering applications.

107

108

Thank you
109