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University of
Engineering and Technology
Peshawar
Beam
A beam is generally considered to be
any member subjected principally to
transverse gravity or vertical loading.
CE-409: Lecture 10
Beam
CE-409: Lecture 10
Beam
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Types of Beams
Girders usually the most important beams.
Stringers Longitudinal bridge beams
spanning between floor beams.
Floor Beams In buildings, a major beam
usually supporting joists; a transverse beam
in bridge floors.
CE-409: Lecture 10
Types of Beams
CE-409: Lecture 10
Types of Beams
CE-409: Lecture 10
Types of Beams
Joists A beam supporting floor construction but
not major beams.
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Types of Beams
CE-409: Lecture 10
Types of Beams
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Types of Beams
Purlins Roof beam spanning between trusses.
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Types of Beams
Girts Horizontal wall beams serving
principally to resist bending due to wind
on the side of an industrial building.
Lintels Member supporting a wall over
a window or door opening.
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Design Approaches
Elastic Design
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Design Approaches
Elastic Design
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Design Approaches
Elastic Design Versus Ultimate Design
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Design Approach
Elastic Design Versus Ultimate Design
Engineering structures have been designed for
many years by the allowable stress design(ASD),
or elastic design with satisfactory results.
However, engineers have long been aware that
ductile members(e.g. steel) do not fail until a
great deal of yielding occurs after yield stress is
first reached.
This means that such members have great
margin of safety against collapse than the elastic
theory would seem to suggest.
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d / 2
M b dy y
d / 2
dF = b dy
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d/2
Fy
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40
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Mp = Fy Z
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Mp/My
y
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3
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Wu
Load
Defl
ectio
n
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Thanks
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Lb
E I y G J
Lb
Iy Cw
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M2
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Inelastic LTB
If stress is proportional to strain, Mx,cr for
elastic LTB is valid as given.
But for critical stress, Fcr exceeding Fy,
Mx,cr is given by
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Inelastic LTB
The equation can be solved in a
simplified manner by using an
equivalent radius of gyration which is
obtained by equating the critical
bending stress to the tangent modulus
critical stress for columns
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And
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Local Buckling
Compact Elements
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M
r
p r
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Local Buckling
Non-compact Elements
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M
p
M
r
p r
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Local Buckling
Slender Elements
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M
r
p r
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Local Buckling
Compact Sections
Non-compact Sections
Slender sections
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Local Buckling
Important Note
Thus, slender sections cannot develop Mp due to
elastic local buckling. Non-compact sections can
develop My but not Mp before local buckling
occurs. Only compact sections can develop the
plastic moment Mp.
All rolled wide-flange shapes are compact with the
following exceptions, which are non-compact.
W40x174, W14x99, W14x90, W12x65, W10x12,
W8x10, W6x15 (made from A992)
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Local Buckling
For uniformly compressed laterally simply supported on
one unloaded edge and free on the other, the critical
stress is
2
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Local Buckling
Following limits of late slenderness (b/t) which
preclude premature local buckling of
compression flange of beams are available.
Projecting Element
Flange of Box
Since these limits are not well defined, they differ somewhat
from one specifications to another refer table 5-3
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Local Buckling
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