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One Cell
And Its
Associated
Fluids
Water Balance
-Intake/output = 2.5 liters/day
-Regulated by hypothalamus & kidneys
-Carefully controlled by:
1. Intake (liquid, foods, metabolic water)
affected by thirst & satiety
2. Output (losses via kidneys, skin, lungs,
feces) affected by blood salts, volume &
blood pressure
Recommendations:
-Needs vary according to type of food
eaten, temperature, humidity, activity
level, etc.
-General rule: 11.5 ml/kcal expended
Example: if 2000 kcal burned then
2-3 liters suggested; >8 cups from fluids
and the rest comes from food &
metabolic water
-Urine should be pale yellow
-Caffeine & alcohol act as diuretics so not
good water substitutes
Acid-Base Balance
pH
Regulation by the buffers
Bicarbonate
Carbonic acid
Regulation by the kidneys
Regulation by the lungs