Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AND
BODY CONSTRUCTIONS
Presenter:
Mahona: John. P
Unit I: Introduction
Definition,
sources of drag
Mechanics of air flow around a
vehicle
Aerodynamic forces and Drag
components
Aerodynamic aids Bumper spoilers,
Air dams, Deck lid spoilers, window
Unit III:
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Significance of
aerodynamic drag on
vehicle
body
shapes
Unit IV:
Vehicle body construction
Cars
Methods of improving
visibility and space in cars Safety:
Design safety equipment for
cars.
Car body construction
Unit V:
Commercial vehicles
Trucks - Body types - Dimensions of
driver's seat relation to controls - Drivers
cab design, Frame construction.
Buses - Frame construction, Double skin
construction - Types of metal section used
Regulations - Conventional and integral
type construction. Passenger and
Luggage requirements, body dimensions
and standards automotive Body repair
and refinishing.
Assessment criteria
9
Continuous Assessment:
Comprises of :
Homework
Project/Group H/W ---Classroom Test
Semester Examination:
60%
----- 40%
---1
----
2
2
----
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INTRODUCTION
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12
1900-1920 Adaptation
of shapes from other
fields
13
Experimental
cars
1970-1990: Detail
optimizations
14
15
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION - CONT
Automotive/Vehicle
aerodynamics.
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START -1/12/2014
automotive
2
2
CYCLING
Bike and rider aerodynamics
AERODYNAMICS
Peloton vs. single rider
2
4
Vehicle Aerodynamics
cont-
MAIN GOALS
After accomplishing the objectives, main
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goals of Automotive/Vehicle
aerodynamics are
Reducing drag and wind noise,
Minimizing noise emission- an
important issue for acoustic comfort
and
Preventing undesired lift forces and other
causes of aerodynamic instability at high
speeds ie Reduction of side force and Yaw
moment which has an important influence
on stability and handling
This is enabled through making use of these
fields
2. Approaches in vehicle aerodynamics
1920-1970 Adaptation of results of airplane
and
airship development:
streamlining
3. Approaches in vehicle aerodynamics
1970-1990: Detail optimizations
4. Approaches in vehicle aerodynamics
1990 TO DATE: Basic form optimization
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Figure showing a
moving
medium/large size
car with the air
simulation as shown
As it moves
forward air
tends to
overcome
forces in
both
directions
Four Forces
generated
Lift is a force used to stabilize
DRAG
DRAG being the main opposing force it
is explained in the following context:Definition
Sources
Mechanics of air flow around a car
Air flow around a car
Forces
Components
Aids
Coefficients and their
determinations
DEFINITON
Drag generally speaking, is the mechanical
force generated by the interaction and
contacts of solid bodies (car) with fluids
(liquid or gases) for our case AIR, also
generated by the differences in velocity
between solid objects and fluids (AIR) hence
there must be a motion between them.
IN OTHER WORD
Is the force that opposes the forward
motion of an object in airflow (the flow
fields)
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DRAG COMPRISSES OF
THE FOLLOWING
FORCES
1. PRIMARY FORCE
2. SECONDARY
FORCES
PRIMARY FORCES
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SECONDARY FORCES
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SIDE FORCES
DOWN AND LIFT FORCES
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DRAG SOURCES
Several sources of drag exists such as Skin
friction, pressure drag, Form drag.
Pressure drag
Pressure Drag - The flow separates near the trailing
edge, due to the shape of the body. This causes low
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pressures near the trailing edge compared to the
leading edge. The pressure forces push the airfoil back.
It is created when the shape of the surface changes
abruptly, as at the point where the roof of an
automobile ends. The drop from the roof increases the
space through which the air stream flows.
Pressure drag is caused by the difference between
attached flow at the front of the car and detached flow
at the back.
The absence of a rear stagnation point means that
there is a significant difference in pressure between
front and back.
Therefore, there is a net force opposing the motion.
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Form drag
49
50
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START 5/12/2014
53
54
Laminar
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MECHANICS OF AIR
FLOW CONT This type of airflow is also known as
streamlined flow, and under these
conditions every particle of fluid that passes
a particular point follows a path identical to
all particles that passed that point earlier.
57
58
Streamlines
Velocity Distribution
Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
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Velocity Distribution
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Laminar Flow
62
Turbulent Flow
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Viscosity
64
65
Reynolds Number
66
and
of the
object
is the viscosity,
V is the velocity,
L is the length
Reynolds Number
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Boundary Layer
68
69
Bernoullis Equation
70
71
LASTLY EXAMPLES
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
73
Compressible, isentropic
(adiabatic and frictionless)
flow along a streamline or in a
stream tube of varying area
T, p, , and V are all variables
A1V1 A2V2
continuity
1
1
2
p1 V1 p2 V22
2
2
continuity
Bernoulli
1 A1V1 2 A2V2
isentropic
energy
equation of state
at any point
T1 1
p1 1
p2 2
T2
1 2
1 2
c pT1 V1 c pT2 V2
2
2
p1 1 RT1
p2 2 RT2
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Physical Principle: Mass can be neither created nor destroyed
Funnel wall
Stream tube
A2
A1
V1
V2
As long as flow is steady, mass that flows through cross section at point 1
(at entrance) must be same as mass that flows through point 2 (at exit)
Flow cannot enter or leave any other way (definition of a stream tube)
Also applies to solid surfaces, pipe, funnel, wind tunnels, airplane engine
74 What goes in one side must come out the other side
CONSERVATION OF MASS
Stream tube
A1: cross-sectional area
of stream tube at 1
V1: flow velocity
Normal (perpendicular) to A1
Consider all fluid elements in plane A1
During time dt, elements have moved V1dt and swept out volume A1V1dt
Mass of fluid swept through A1 during dt: dm=1(A1V1dt)
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dm
kg
Mass Flow
m 1 1 A1V1
dt
s
m 2 2 A2V2
m 1 m 2
Example
What is a vehicles drag force, with a frontal
Area of 1.5 m2, CD of 0.4, and traveling at
30 m/s
Given
A = 1.5 m2
CD = 0.4
V = 30 m/s
Density = 1.22