Objectives

To describe the socio-political condition of

the country this time.
To describe the writers of this time by
comparing them to the Filipino writers
during the Spanish Period.
To give the meaning of true courage.
To point out the positive and negative
aspects of the culture of the group of
people reflected in the stories of this
period.

I. Historical Background
Also called The Period of Emerging
National Consciousness
The Philippines in the 19th Century
Period of awakening after 300 years of
passivity under Spanish Rule
Culminate in the separation of the colony
from Spain

I. Historical Background
With the opening of its ports to
international trade in 183 and the opening
of Suez Canal in 1869, the Philippines
was plunged into an era of significant
socio economic changes
Export of products, commercial
agriculture, banking and credit were open

I. Historical Background
The Indios acquired social prestige and
prominence in the society
Children were sent to good schools in
Manila and in Europe
University education was opened to the
natives via education degree of 1863

I. Historical Background
Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. De la Torre
spearheaded a movement for reforms
hitting at the abuses and discriminating
practices of the Spanish civil and religious
authorities
Filipino elergy headed by Fr. Pedro Pelaez
was carrying on its movement for the
secularizations of the Parishes

I. Historical Background
After the death of Fr. Pelaez, Fr. Jose
Burgos continued the struggle by writing
articles and pamphlets in behalf of the
native elergy
Movement for reforms was suppressed by
dela Torre's successor Rafael de la
Izquierdo

I. Historical Background
Frs. Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were
executed in Bagumbayan in 1872
The growing consciousness and
restlessness gave birth to major
movements
Propaganda Movement
Revolutionary Movement

II. Literature
A. Propaganda Movement and the Literature
of Protest
Launch in Spanish by a group of college
students and graduates like Jose Rizal,
Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena,
Mariano Ponce, Juan Luna, Felix
Ressureccion Hidalgo, Jose Maria
Panganiban and Fernando Canon.

 Propagandists worked for the treatment of

the Filipinos as Spanish citizens, enjoying
the same rights as the Spanish nationals
Writings of this Period cannot be called
literature except for the novels and poems
of Rizal
Essays and tracts of protest were
published occasionally in La Solidaridad

1. Jose P. Rizal
The most prolific writer among the
propagandists
Playwright, essayist, poet and novelist
Pen names: Laong Laan, Dimasalang

 Writings
Play: Junto al Pasig; El consejo de los dioses
Essays: sobre la indolencia de los Filipinos;
Filipino dentro de cien anos

Poems: around 40 including Mi Ultimo Adios

(considered his poetical masterpiece); Mi Retiro

(his profoundest noblest poem)

Novels: Noli Me Tangere; El Filibusterismo

2. Marcelo H. del Pilar

the Spanish authority in the Philippines
Pen names: Dolores Manapat, Plaridel,
Pupdoh and Piping Dilat
Writings:
La Soberania monacal en filipinas; and

La frailocracia filipina - exposed the

abuses of the friars and their oppresion of
the indios
2. Caiingat Cayo - an indictment of Fr. Jose
Rodriguez' critique of Rizal's Noli
3. Dasalan at Tocsohan - an anti-friar satire
written in parody of the catechism and
prayer book

4. Sagot ng Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas second of a triad of poems

1st - Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Ynang
Espanya by Hermenigildo Flores
3rd - Katapusang Hibik nang Pilipinas
by Andres Bonifacio

3. Graciano Lopez-Jaena
Founder and editor of La Solidaridad
Writings:
1. Fray Botod - a novelette in Hiligaynon;
a satire about a pot-bellied,
abusive and immoral friar

Other Propagandists
1. Mariano Ponce
editor-in-chief, biographer, researcher
of the Propaganda Movement
Pen names: Tikbalang, Kalipulako,
Naning

2. Juan Luna - painter

3. Felix Resurrection Hidalgo - painter
4. Jose Ma. Panganiban
- pen name: JORMAPA
- with photographic mind
5. Fernando Canon

B. The Revolutionary Period

Two phases:
1. Revolution against Spain
2. Philippine-American War

1. The Revolution against Spain

produced writings mostly in Tagalog
the literary field was dominated by the key
men of Katipunan
Writers and Writings:
A. Andres Bonifacio
Father of Filipino Democracy
Father of the Katipunan

1. Poems:
Katapusang Hibik
Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
Pahimakas (translation of Rizal's farewell
poem)

2. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog ang

Katungkulang Gagawin ng Mga Anak ng
Bayan

B. Emilio Jacinto
ardent revolutionary
Brains of the Katipunan
edited and contributed many articles to
Kalayaan, the paper of the Katipunan.

Writings:
1. Kartilya ng Katipunan (A primer book on
the Katipunan)
2. Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness). A
collection of essays on different subjects
like freedom, work, faith, government, love
of country.
3. A Mi Madre (To My Mother). A touching
ode to his mother.
4. A La Patria (To My Country). His
masterpiece.

2. The Philippine-American War

Marked by the appearance of serious
essays and political discourses
Writer:
A. Apolinario Mabini
Brains of the Revolution
El Verdadero Decalogo (masterpiece)

Newspapers during the Revolution

In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to the world longings for
their country, many newspapers were put up during the
revolutionary period. They were:

1. Heraldo De La Revolucion - printed the decrees of the

Revolutionary Government, news and works in Tagalog that
aroused nationalism.
2. La Independencia (Independence) - edited by Antonio Luna
and whose alm was for Philippine Independence.
3. La Republica Pilipina (The Philippine Republic) - established
by Pedro Paterno in 1898.
4. La Libertad (Liberty) - edited by Clemente Zulueta.