Project Management: ©ian Sommerville 2000 Software Engineering, 6th Edition. Chapter 4 Slide 1

Chapter 4
Project Management
IanSommerville2000
SoftwareEngineering,6thedition.Chapter4
Slide1
Project management
Organising, planning and scheduling

software projects
IanSommerville2000
Slide2
Objectives
To introduce software project management and

to describe its distinctive characteristics
To discuss project planning and the planning
process
To show how graphical schedule representations
are used by project management
To discuss the notion of risks and the risk
management process
IanSommerville2000
Slide3
Topics covered
Management activities
Project planning
Project scheduling
Risk management
IanSommerville2000
Slide4
Software project management
Concerned with activities involved in ensuring

that software is delivered on time and on
schedule and in accordance with the
requirements of the organisations developing
and procuring the software
Project management is needed because
software development is always subject to
budget and schedule constraints that are set by
the organisation developing the software
IanSommerville2000
Slide5
Software management distinctions
The product is intangible

The product is uniquely flexible
Software engineering is not recognized as an
engineering discipline with the sane status as
mechanical, electrical engineering, etc.
The software development process is not
standardised
Many software projects are 'one-off' projects
IanSommerville2000
Slide6
Management activities
Proposal writing
Project planning and scheduling
Project costing
Project monitoring and reviews
Personnel selection and evaluation
Report writing and presentations
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Slide7
Management commonalities
These activities are not peculiar to software

management
Many techniques of engineering project
management are equally applicable to software
project management
Technically complex engineering systems tend to
suffer from the same problems as software
systems
IanSommerville2000
Slide8
Project staffing
May not be possible to appoint the ideal people

to work on a project
Project budget may not allow for the use of highly-paid staff
Staff with the appropriate experience may not be available
An organisation may wish to develop employee skills on a
software project
Managers have to work within these constraints

especially when (as is currently the case) there
is an international shortage of skilled IT staff
IanSommerville2000
Slide9
Project planning
Probably the most time-consuming project

management activity
Continuous activity from initial concept through
to system delivery. Plans must be regularly
revised as new information becomes available
Various different types of plan may be developed
to support the main software project plan that is
concerned with schedule and budget
IanSommerville2000
Slide10
Types of project plan

Plan
Qualityplan
Validationplan
Configuration
managementplan
Maintenanceplan
Staffdevelopmentplan.
IanSommerville2000
Description
Describesthequality
proceduresand
standardsthatwillbeusedinaproject.
Describes theapproach,resourcesand
scheduleusedforsystemvalidation.
Describes theconfigurationmanagement
proceduresandstructurestobeused.
Predictsthe maintenancerequirementsof
thesystem,maintenancecostsand
effort
required.
Describeshowtheskillsand experienceof
theprojectteam
memberswillbe
developed.
Slide11
Project planning process

Establish the project constraints
Make initial assessments of the project parameters
Define project milestones and deliverables
while project has not been completed or cancelledloop
Draw up project schedule
Initiate activities according to schedule
Wait ( for a while )
Review project progress
Revise estimates of project parameters
Update the project schedule
Re-negotiate project constraints and deliverables
if ( problems arise )then
Initiate technical review and possible revision
end if
end loop
IanSommerville2000
Slide12
Project plan structure
Introduction
Project organisation
Risk analysis
Hardware and software resource requirements
Work breakdown
Project schedule
Estimated Cost
Actual Cost
Monitoring and reporting mechanisms
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Slide13
Activity organization
Activities in a project should be organised to

produce tangible outputs for management to
judge progress
Milestones are the end-point of a process activity
Deliverables are project results delivered to
customers
The waterfall process allows for the
straightforward definition of progress milestones
IanSommerville2000
Slide14
Milestones in the RE process

ACT IVITIES
Feasibility
study
Requir ements
analysis
Prototype
development
Design
study
Requir ements
specification
Feasibility
report
Requir ements
definition
Evaluation
report
Architectural
design
Requir ements
specification
MILESTONES
IanSommerville2000
Slide15
Project scheduling
Split project into tasks and estimate time and

resources required to complete each task
Organize tasks concurrently to make optimal
use of workforce
Minimize task dependencies to avoid delays
caused by one task waiting for another to
complete
Dependent on project managers intuition and
experience
IanSommerville2000
Slide16
The project scheduling

process
Identify
activities
Identifyactivity
dependencies
Estimateresources
foractivities
Allocatepeople
toactivities
Software
requirements
IanSommerville2000
Createproject
charts
Activitycharts
andbarcharts
Slide17
Scheduling problems
Estimating the difficulty of problems and hence

the cost of developing a solution is hard
Productivity is not proportional to the number of
people working on a task
Adding people to a late project makes it later
because of communication overheads
The unexpected always happens. Always allow
contingency in planning
IanSommerville2000
Slide18
Bar charts and activity

networks
Graphical notations used to illustrate the project

schedule
Show project breakdown into tasks. Tasks
should not be too small. They should take about
a week or two
Activity charts show task dependencies and the
the critical path
Bar charts show schedule against calendar time
IanSommerville2000
Slide19
Task durations and

dependencies
Task
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
IanSommerville2000
Duration(days)
8
15
15
10
10
5
20
25
15
15
7
10
Dependencies
T1(M1)
T2,T4(M2)
T1,T2(M3)
T1(M1)
T4(M5)
T3,T6(M4)
T5,T7(M7)
T9(M6)
T11(M8)
Slide20
Activity network
8days
15days
M1
T3
15days
T9
T1
25/7/99
4/7/99
start
14/7/99
M3
5days
4/8/99
25/8/99
T6
M4
M6
7days
20days
15days
T7
T2
25/7/99
10days
M2
T4
T11
10days
M7
T5
5/9/99
11/8/99
T10
18/7/99
M8
15days
10days
T12
M5
25days
T8
Finish
19/9/99
IanSommerville2000
Slide21
Activity timeline
4/7
11/7
18/7
25/7
1/8
8/8
15/8
22/8
29/8
5/9
12/9
19/9
Start
T4
T1
T2
M1
T7
T3
M5
T8
M3
M2
T6
T5
M4
T9
M7
T10
M6
T11
M8
T12
Finish
IanSommerville2000
Slide22
Staff allocation
4/7
Fred
11/7
18/7
25/
1/8
8/8
15/8 22/8
29/8
5/9
12/9
T4
T8
T11
T12
Jane
T1
T3
T9
Anne T2
T6
Jim
Mary
IanSommerville2000
T10
T7
T5
Slide23
19/9
Risk management
Risk management is concerned with identifying

risks and drawing up plans to minimise their
effect on a project.
A risk is a probability that some adverse
circumstance will occur.
Project risks affect schedule or resources

Product risks affect the quality or performance of the software
being developed
Business risks affect the organisation developing or procuring
the software
IanSommerville2000
Slide24
Software risks
Risk
Staffturnover
Risktype
Project
Managementchange
Project
Hardwareunavailability
Project
Requirementschange
Projectand
product
Specificationdelays
Projectand
product
Projectand
product
Product
Sizeunderestimate
CASEtoolunder
performance
Technologychange
Productcompetition
IanSommerville2000
Business
Business
Description
Experiencedstaffwillleavethe
projectbeforeitisfinished.
Therewillbeachangeof
organisationalmanagementwith
differentpriorities.
Hardwarewhichisessentialforthe
projectwillnotbedeliveredon
schedule.
Therewillbealargernumberof
changestotherequirementsthan
anticipated.
Specificationsofessentialinterfaces
arenotavailableonschedule
Thesizeofthesystemhasbeen
underestimated.
CASEtoolswhichsupportthe
projectdonotperformasanticipated
Theunderlyingtechnologyonwhich
thesystemisbuiltissupersededby
newtechnology.
Acompetitiveproductismarketed
beforethesystemiscompleted.
Slide25
The risk management process
Risk identification
Risk analysis
Assess the likelihood and consequences of these risks
Risk planning
Identify project, product and business risks
Draw up plans to avoid or minimise the effects of the risk
Risk monitoring
Monitor the risks throughout the project
IanSommerville2000
Slide26
The risk management process
Risk
identification
Riskanalysis
Riskplanning
Risk
monitoring
Listofpotential
risks
Prioritisedrisk
list
Riskavoidance
andcontingency
plans
Risk
assessment
IanSommerville2000
Slide27
Risk identification
Technology risks
People risks
Organisational risks
Requirements risks
Estimation risks
IanSommerville2000
Slide28
Risks and risk types

Risk type
Technology
People
Organisational
Tools
Requirements
Estimation
IanSommerville2000
Possible risks
The database used in the system cannot process as
many transactions per second as expected.
Software components which should be reused contain
defects which limit their functionality.
It is impossible to recruit staff with the skills required.
Key staff are ill and unavailable at critical times.
Required training for staff is not available.
The organisation is restructured so that different
management are responsible for the project.
Organisational financial problems force reductions in the
project budget.
The code generated by CASE tools is inefficient.
CASE tools cannot be integrated.
Changes to requirements which require major design
rework are proposed.
Customers fail to understand the impact of requirements
changes.
The time required to develop the software is
underestimated.
The rate of defect repair is underestimated.
The size of the software is underestimated.
Slide29
Risk analysis
Assess probability and seriousness of each risk

Probability may be very low, low, moderate, high
or very high
Risk effects might be catastrophic, serious,
tolerable or insignificant
IanSommerville2000
Slide30
Risk analysis
Risk
Organisational
financial
problems
force
reductions in the project budget.
It is impossible to recruit staff with the skills
required for the project.
Key staff are ill at critical times in the project.
Software components which should be reused
contain defects which limit their functionality.
Changes to requirements which require major
design rework are proposed.
The organisation is restructured so that different
management are responsible for the project.
The database used in the system cannot process
as many transactions per second as expected.
The time required to develop the software is
underestimated.
CASE tools cannot be integrated.
Customers fail to understand the impact of
requirements changes.
Required training for staff is not available.
The rate of defect repair is underestimated.
The size of the software is underestimated.
The code generated by CASE tools is inefficient.
IanSommerville2000
Probability
Low
Effects
Catastrophic
High
Catastrophic
Moderate
Moderate
Serious
Serious
Moderate
Serious
High
Serious
Moderate
Serious
High
Serious
High
Moderate
Tolerable
Tolerable
Moderate
Moderate
High
Moderate
Tolerable
Tolerable
Tolerable
Insignificant
Slide31
Risk planning
Consider each risk and develop a strategy to

manage that risk
Avoidance strategies
Minimisation strategies
The probability that the risk will arise is reduced

The impact of the risk on the project or product will be reduced
Contingency plans
If the risk arises, contingency plans are plans to deal with that
risk
IanSommerville2000
Slide32
Risk management strategies

Risk
Organisational
financial problems
Recruitment
problems
Staff illness
Defective
components
Requirements
changes
Organisational
restructuring
Database
performance
Underestimated
development time
IanSommerville2000
Strategy
Prepare a briefing document for senior management showing how the project is
making a very important contribution to the goals of the business.
Alert customer of potential difficulties and the possibility of delays, investigate
buying-in components.
Reorganise team so that there is more overlap of work and people therefore
understand each others jobs.
Replace potentially defective components with bought-in components of known
reliability.
Derive traceability information to assess requirements change impact, maximise
information hiding in the design.
Prepare a briefing document for senior management showing how the project is
making a very important contribution to the goals of the business.
Investigate the possibility of buying a higher-performance database.
Investigate buying in components, investigate use of a program generator.
Slide33
Risk monitoring
Assess each identified risks regularly to decide

whether or not it is becoming less or more
probable
Also assess whether the effects of the risk have
changed
Each key risk should be discussed at
management progress meetings
IanSommerville2000
Slide34
Risk factors
Risk type
Technology
People
Organisational
Tools
Requirements
Estimation
IanSommerville2000
Potential indicators
Late delivery of hardware or support software, many reported
technology problems
Poor staff morale, poor relationships amongst team member,
job availability
organisational gossip, lack of action by senior management
reluctance by team members to use tools, complaints about
CASE tools, demands for higher-powered workstations
many requirements change requests, customer complaints
failure to meet agreed schedule, failure to clear reported
defects
Slide35
Key points
Good project management is essential for project

success
The intangible nature of software causes problems for
management
Managers have diverse roles but their most significant
activities are planning, estimating and scheduling
Planning and estimating are iterative processes
which continue throughout the course of a
project
IanSommerville2000
Slide36
Key points
A project milestone is a predictable state where

some formal report of progress is presented to
management.
Risks may be project risks, product risks or
business risks
Risk management is concerned with identifying
risks which may affect the project and planning to
ensure that these risks do not develop into major
threats
IanSommerville2000
Slide37

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Chapter 4

Organising, planning and scheduling

To introduce software project management and

Software project management

Concerned with activities involved in ensuring

Software management distinctions

The product is intangible

These activities are not peculiar to software

May not be possible to appoint the ideal people

Managers have to work within these constraints

Probably the most time-consuming project

Types of project plan

Project planning process

Project plan structure

Activities in a project should be organised to

Milestones in the RE process

Split project into tasks and estimate time and

The project scheduling

Estimating the difficulty of problems and hence

Bar charts and activity

Graphical notations used to illustrate the project

Task durations and

Risk management is concerned with identifying

Project risks affect schedule or resources

The risk management process

Assess the likelihood and consequences of these risks

Identify project, product and business risks

Draw up plans to avoid or minimise the effects of the risk

Monitor the risks throughout the project

The risk management process

Risks and risk types

Assess probability and seriousness of each risk

Consider each risk and develop a strategy to

The probability that the risk will arise is reduced

Risk management strategies

Assess each identified risks regularly to decide

Good project management is essential for project

A project milestone is a predictable state where

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