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 DEFINITION

A computer cluster is a group of

*
linked computers, working
together closely so that in many
respects they form a single
computer....

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 Classification
of Cluster Computing

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 Clusters Classification..1
 Based on Focus (in Market)
– High Performance (HP) Clusters
• Grand Challenging Applications
– High Availability (HA) Clusters
• Mission Critical applications

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HA Cluster: Server Cluster with
"Heartbeat" Connection

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 Clusters Classification..2
 Based on Workstation/PC Ownership
– Dedicated Clusters
– Non-dedicated clusters
• Adaptive parallel computing
• Also called Communal multiprocessing

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 Clusters Classification..3
 Based on Node Architecture..
– Clusters of PCs (CoPs)
– Clusters of Workstations (COWs)
– Clusters of SMPs (CLUMPs)

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 Clusters Classification..4

 Based on Node OS Type..

– Linux Clusters (Beowulf)
– Solaris Clusters (Berkeley NOW)
– NT Clusters (HPVM)
– AIX Clusters (IBM SP2)
– SCO/Compaq Clusters (Unixware)
– …….Digital VMS Clusters, HP clusters,
………………..

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 Clusters Classification..5
 Based on node components architecture &
configuration (Processor Arch, Node Type:
PC/Workstation.. & OS: Linux/NT..):
– Homogeneous Clusters
• All nodes will have similar configuration

– Heterogeneous Clusters
• Nodes based on different processors and
running different OSes.

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 Clusters Classification..6a
Dimensions of Scalability & Levels of Clustering

(3)
Network
Public Metacomputing
Enterprise Technology (1)
Campus
/ O S
Department
m o ry
e
Workgroup /M
/ I/ O
CPU
Uniprocessor
SMP
Cluster
MPP Platform (2)
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 Clusters Classification..6b

 Group Clusters (#nodes: 2-99)

– (a set of dedicated/non-dedicated computers - mainly
connected by SAN like Myrinet)
 Departmental Clusters (#nodes: 99-999)
 Organizational Clusters (#nodes: many 100s)
 (using ATMs Net)
 Internet-wide Clusters=Global Clusters: (#nodes: 1000s to
many millions)
– Metacomputing
– Web-based Computing
– Agent Based Computing
• Java plays a major in web and agent based computing

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 CLUSTER CLASSIFICATION
ACCORDING TO ARCHITECTURE

*Clusters can be basically classified into two

#Close Clusters

#Open Clusters

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 Closed Cluster
High
HighSpeed
SpeedNetwork
Network

compute compute compute compute File

node node node node Server

node

Service Network

gateway Front-end
gateway
node

External Network

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 Open Cluster
High Speed Network

compute compute compute compute File

node node node node Server

node

External Network

Front-end

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Cluster Middleware
and
Single System Image

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 What is Cluster Middleware ?
 An interface between user applications and cluster
hardware and OS platform.
 Middleware packages support each other at the
management, programming, and implementation
levels.
 Middleware Layers:
– SSI Layer
– Availability Layer: It enables the cluster
services of
• Checkpointing, Automatic Failover, recovery
from failure,
• fault-tolerant operating among all cluster nodes.

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 Cluster Computing - Research Projects
 Beowulf (CalTech and Nasa) - USA
 CCS (Computing Centre Software) - Paderborn, Germany
 Condor - Wisconsin State University, USA
 DJM (Distributed Job Manager) - Minnesota Supercomputing Center
 DQS (Distributed Queuing System) - Florida State University, USA
 EASY - Argonne National Lab, USA
 HPVM -(High Performance Virtual Machine),UIUC&now UCSB,US
 far - University of Liverpool, UK
 Gardens - Queensland University of Technology, Australia
 Generic NQS (Network Queuing System),University of Sheffield, UK
 NOW (Network of Workstations) - Berkeley, USA
 NIMROD - Monash University, Australia
 PBS (Portable Batch System) - NASA Ames and LLNL, USA
 PRM (Prospero Resource Manager) - Uni. of S. California, USA
 QBATCH - Vita Services Ltd., USA

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 Cluster Computing - Commercial Software
 Codine (Computing in Distributed Network Environment) -
GENIAS GmbH, Germany
 LoadLeveler - IBM Corp., USA
 LSF (Load Sharing Facility) - Platform Computing, Canada
 NQE (Network Queuing Environment) - Craysoft Corp.,
USA
 OpenFrame - Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing, India
 RWPC (Real World Computing Partnership), Japan
 Unixware (SCO-Santa Cruz Operations,), USA
 Solaris-MC (Sun Microsystems), USA

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Representative Cluster Systems
1. Solaris -MC
2. Berkeley NOW
3. their comparison with Beowulf & HPVM

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Next Generation Distributed Computing:

The Solaris MC Operating System

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 Why new software?

 Without software, a cluster is:

– Just a network of machines
– Requires specialized applications
– Hard to administer
 With a cluster operating system:
– Cluster becomes a scalable, modular computer
– Users and administrators see a single large machine
– Runs existing applications
– Easy to administer
 New software makes cluster better for
the customer
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 Networking goals
 Cluster appears externally as a single SMP server
 Familiar to customers
 Access cluster through single network address
 Multiple network interfaces supported but not required

 Scalable design
 protocol and network application processing on any mode
 Parallelism provides high server performance

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Comparison of 4 Cluster Systems

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Clusters Revisited

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 Conclusions

Clusters are promising..

Solve parallel processing paradox
Offer incremental growth and matches with funding
pattern.
New trends in hardware and software technologies
are likely to make clusters more promising..so that
Clusters based supercomputers can be seen
everywhere!

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By-:
Parth Sharma
BCA 6th(B)
704923154326