J.N.V.

KALUKHEDA,R
ATLAM(M.P.)

SCIENCE EXHIBITION
2015
GUIDED
BY:Mr.A.S.Varun
PREPARED
BY:Ma.Pawan

THEME:

MATHEMATICS
for quality life

INTRODUCTIO
N
For more than two thousand years, mathematics has been a
part of the human search for understanding. Mathematical
discoveries have come both from the attempt to describe the
natural world and from the desire to arrive at a form of
inescapable truth from careful reasoning. These remain fruitful
and important motivations for mathematical thinking, but in the
last century mathematics has been successfully applied to
many other aspects of the human world: voting trends in
politics, the dating of ancient artifacts, the analysis of
automobile traffic patterns, and long-term strategies for the
sustainable harvest of deciduous forests, to mention a few.
Today, mathematics as a mode of thought and expression is
more valuable than ever before. Learning to think in
mathematical terms is an essential part of becoming a liberally
educated person.

The History of Mathematics

Mathematics first arose from the practical need
to measure time and to count. The earliest
evidence of primitive forms of counting occurs in
notched bones and scored pieces of wood and
stone. Early uses of geometry are revealed in
patterns found on ancient cave walls and pottery.
As civilisations arose in Asia and the Near East,
sophisticated
number
systems
and
basic
knowledge
ofarithmetic,geometry,
andalgebrabegan to develop.

Early Civilasations
The ancient Egyptians (3rd millennium BC),
Sumerians (2000- 1500 BC), and Chinese (1500
BC) had systems for writing down numbers and
could perform calculations using various types of
abacus.
The Egyptians were able to solve many different kinds of practical
mathematical problems, ranging from surveying fields after the annual floods to
making the intricate calculations necessary to build the pyramids. Egyptian
arithmetic, based on counting in groups of ten, was relatively simple. This Base10 system probably arose for biological reasons, we have 8 fingers and 2
thumbs. Numbers are sometimes called digits from the Latin word for finger.
Unlike our familiar number system, which is both decimal and positional (23 is
not the same as 32), the Egyptians' arithmetic was not positional but additive.
Unlike the Egyptians, the Babylonians of ancient Mesopotamia (now Iraq)
developed a more sophisticated base-10 arithmetic that was positional, and
they kept mathematical records on clay tablets. The most remarkable feature of
Babylonian arithmetic was its use of a sexagesimal (base 60) place-valued
system in addition to a decimal system. Thus the Babylonians counted in
groups of sixty as well as ten. Babylonian mathematics is still used to tell time an hour consists of 60 minutes, and each minute is divided into 60 seconds -

The Greeks and Romans

The Greeks were the first to develop a truly
mathematical spirit. They were interested not
only in the applications of maths but in its
philosophical
significance.
The Greek philosopherPythagoras, explored
the nature of numbers, believing that
everything could be understood in terms of
whole
numbers
or
their
ratios.
Ancient knowledge of the sciences was often
wrong and wholly unsatisfactory by modern
standards. However, the maths ofEuclid,
Apollonius of Perga, andArchimedes--the three
greatest mathematicians of antiquity--remains
as valid today as it was more than 2,000 years
ago.
Roman mathematicians, in contrast to the
Greeks, were renowned for being very
practical. The Romans cared for the usefulness
of maths in measuring and counting.

The Middle Ages

Indian mathematicians were especially skilled in arithmetic, methods of calculation, algebra,
and trigonometry. Their decimal place-valued number system, including zero, was especially
suited for easy calculation. Aryabhata (476-550?) an Indian astronomer and the earliest Hindu
mathematician was one of the first to use algebra. Aryabhata calculatedpito a very accurate
value
of
3.1416.
When the Greek civilization declined, Greek mathematics (and the rest of Greek science) was
kept alive by the Arabs. The Arabs also learned of the considerable scientific achievements of
the Indians, including the invention of a system of numerals (now called `arabic numerals)
which could be used to write down calculations instead of having to resort to an abacus.
One of the greatest scientific minds of Islam was al-Khwarizmi, who introduced the name (aljabr) that became known as algebra. By the end of the 8th century the influence of Islam had
extended as far west as Spain. It was there, primarily, that Arabic, Jewish, and Western
scholars
eventually
translated
Greek
and
Islamic
manuscripts
into
Latin.
By the 13th century, original mathematical work by European authors had begun to appear. It
was the demands of commerce which gave the major impetus to mathematical development
and north Italy, the centre of trade at the time, produced a succession of important
mathematicians beginning with Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci who introduced
Arabic numerals. The Italians made considerable advances in elementary arithmetic which was

The Renaissance
During the 1400's and
1500's,
European
explorers sought new
overseas trade routes,
stimulating
the
application
of
Mathematics
to
navigation
and
commerce.
The invention of printing in the
mid 1400's resulted in the speedy and
widespread communication of mathematical

The Seventeenth and

Eighteenth Centuries
Mathematics received considerable stimulus
in the 17th century from astronomical
problems. The astronomer Johannes Kepler,
for example, discovered the elliptical shape of
the
planetary
orbits.
The greatest achievement of the 17th century
was the discovery of methods that applied
mathematics to the study of motion. An
example isGalileo'sanalysis of the parabolic
path of projectiles, published in 1638.
The greatest development of mathematics in
the 18th century took place on the Continent,
where monarchs such as Louis XIV, Frederick
the Great, and the Empress Catherine the
Great of Russia provided generous support for
science, including mathematics.

Galileo

The Nineteenth Century

The
19th
century
witnessed
tremendous change in maths with
increased
specialization
and
new
theories ofalgebraandnumber theory.
Public education expanded rapidly, and
mathematics became a standard part of
University Education.
Mathematicians in England slowly
began
to take an interest in advances
made on
the Continent during the previous
century.
The Analytic Society was formed
in 1812

The Twentieth Century

In the 20th century, mathematics has become much more diversified.
Each specialist subject is being studied in far greater depth and
advanced work in some fields may be unintelligible to researchers in
other fields. Mathematicians working in universities have had the
economic freedom to pursue the subject for its own sake. Nevertheless,
new branches of mathematics have been developed which are of great
practical importance and which have basic ideas simple enough to be
taught in secondary schools. Probably the most important of these is the
mathematical theory of statistics in which much pioneering work was
done
by
Karl
Pearson.
Another new development is operations research, which is concerned
with finding optimum courses of action in practical situations,
particularly
in
economics
and
management.
As in the late medieval period, commerce began to emerge again as a
major impetus for the development of mathematics. Higher
mathematics has a powerful tool in the high-speed electronic computer,

Why Do So Many People

Have Such Misconceptions
About Mathematics?
The great misconception about mathematics -- and it
stifles and thwarts more students than any other
single thing -- is the notion that mathematics is about
formulas and cranking out computations. It is the
unconsciously held delusion that mathematics is a set
of rules and formulas that have been worked out by
God knows who for God knows why, and the student's
duty is to memorize all this stuff. Such students seem
to feel that sometime in the future their boss will walk
into the office and demand "Quick, what's the
quadratic formula?" Or, "Hurry, I need to know the
derivative of 3x^2 - 6x + 7." There are no such
employers.

WHAT IS MATHEMATICS REALLY

LIKE?
It's really a great question, and not particularly an easy
one to answer.
It's a big enough thing that you can describe it in a
lot of different ways, depending on your perspective.
Maths is the study of how to create, manipulate, and
understand abstract structures. Abstract structures
are the heart of it. Mathcanwork with numbers: the
various different sets of numbers are examples
ofoneof the kinds of abstract structures that we can
work
with.
But
math
is
so
much
more
thanjustnumbers. It's numbers, and sets, and
categories, and topologies, and graphs, and much,
much more.

USE OF MATHS IN OUR DAILY

LIFE
The topics which are mainly useful in daily life are :
Commercial Mathematics
Algebra
Statistics
Calculus
Number Theory
Graph Theory
Geometry
Mechanics

COMMERCIAL
MATHEMATICS
This include the following topics :
Discount
Banking
Foreign Exchange
Stock and Share
Arithmetic ( Profit & Loss, Percentage,
Ratio and Proposition , Time problems)

Discount
Discount:Reduction from the full amount of a price .
The following are thesix types of discountswhich we see are
Simple Discount. Offer a price reduction on a product by a
percentage. For example, buy a shirt and receive 25 % off the original
price.
Minimum Purchase Discount.Offer a price reduction on a minimum

quantity purchase. For example, buy two shirts and receive 20 % off
each shirt.
Buy N, Get one Free.Offer a free gift with a minimum quantity purchase. For

example, buy two shirts and receive a third shirt for free.
Paired Discount.Offer a price reduction on a product if another

product is purchased. For example, buy a shirt and receive Rs.10 off a
pair of jeans.
Paired Set Discount.Offer a price reduction on an item if a certain quantity of

another item is purchased. For example, buy three shirts and receive 30 % off a pair of
jeans.
Order Discount.Offer a price reduction or free shipping on the order
total, if a certain amount is purchased. For example, buy Rs. 5000
worth of merchandise, and receive 10 % off the total order.

Banking
Banking: A system of trading in money which
involved safeguarding deposits and making
funds available for borrowers.
What is the use of mathematics in Banking ?
Bank is full of transactions. In turn the transaction

is nothing but mathematics

Banks are also involved in stocks and bonds. Bond
calculations are mathematical. Stock options are
also quite mathematical.

Foreign Exchange Market

The foreign exchange
(currency)
market refers to the market
for
currencies. Transactions in
this
market typically involve one
party purchasing a quantity of
one currency in exchange for
paying a quantity of another.
What are the rate of
exchange of currencies of
different counties w.r.t.
Indian currencies?

Stock and Share

Stock and Share:In business and finance, a share
(also referred to asequity share) of stockmeans a
share of ownershipin a corporation(company). In the
plural, stocksis often used as a synonym for shares
A stock is at a premium ( above par) , at par or at a

discount (below par ) according as its market value is

greater than , equal to or less than the face value .
Generally stocks are sold and purchased through
brokers. The amount paid to them in selling and
purchasing stocks are called Brokerage.
so ,C.P.=M.V. + Brokerage

ARITHMETIC
Arithmetic ( Profit & Loss, Percentage, Ratio
and Proposition , Time related problems):
The word refers to a branch of mathematicswhich
records
elementary
properties
of
certain
operationson numbers.
Arithmetic operations:
The traditional arithmetic operations are addition,
subtraction,multiplication anddivision, although
more advanced operations (such as manipulations
of percentages,square root,exponentiation, and
logarithmic functions) are also sometimes included

ALGEBRA
Algebra : Itis a branch of mathematicsconcerning the study of
structure, relation, andquantity.

Classification :Algebra may be divided into the following categories:

Elementary algebra, inwhich theproperties of operations on the
real number systemare recorded using symbols as "place holders" to
denote constantsand variables, and the rules governing mathematical
expressions andequationsinvolving these symbols are studied
Abstract algebra, sometimes also calledmodern algebra, in which
algebraic structuressuch asgroups,rings andfields areaxiomatically
defined and investigated.
Linear algebra, in which the specific properties ofvector spacesare
studied (including matrices);
Universal algebra, in which properties common to all algebraic
structures are studied.
Algebraic number theory, in which the properties of numbers are
studied through algebraic systems.Number theoryinspired much of
the original abstraction in algebra.
Algebraic geometryin its algebraic aspect.

How Algebra is useful

indailylife
?

Suppose , we are to appoint a person for some

domestic purpose .We give him two option for
salary per month as :
(1)Rs. 25 daily
(2)Rs.5 for the first day and keep on increasing Rs.
2 to the pervious days for the next day
Which option will be better for him ?
(2) option is better:
As in the (1) option he will get only2530 = Rs.
750
And in the (2) option he will get = 5 +7+9 +...+
upto 30 terms
= Rs. 1020. ( sum of 30 terms of A.P.)

STATISTICS
Statistics:It is amathematical sciencepertaining
to the collection, analysis, interpretation or
explanation, and presentation of data. Also with
prediction and forecasting based on data.
Statistics form a key basis tool in business and
manufacturing as well. It is used to understand
measurement
systems
variability,
control
processes for summarizing data, and to make datadriven
decisions. In these roles, it is a key tool, and
perhaps the only reliable tool.

Some fields of inquiry use appliedstatisticsso

extensively that they havespecialized
terminology. These disciplines include:

Actuarial science
Applied information economics
Biostatistics
Business statistics
Data mining
Engineering statistics
Environmental Statistics
Epidemiology
Geography andGeographic Information Systems
Psychological statistics
Quality
Social statistics
Statistical literacy
Statistical modeling
Statistical surveys
Chemometrics(for analysis of data fromchemistry)
Structured data analysis (statistics)
Statistics in various sports, particularly baseballand cricket

How the concept of mean, mode and

median is used in daily life ?
A shopkeeper, selling shirts, keeps more stock of

that size of shirt which has more sale. Here the

size of that shirt is the mode among other .
If in a tour, the total money spent by10 students is

Rs. 500. Then the average money spent by each

student is Rs. 50. Here Rs. 50 is the mean.
If you have 25 people lined up next to each other

by age, the median age will be the age of the

person in the very middle. Here the age of the
middle person is the median.

CALCULUS
Calculus:It is the study of change, in the same
way that geometryis the study of space. It includes
the study of limits, derivative , integrals, and
infinite series.
Calculus has widespread applications in scienceand
engineeringand is used to solve problems for which
algebraalone is insufficient. Calculus builds on
algebra,trigonometry, andanalytic geometry and
includes two major branches,differential calculus
andintegral calculus, that are related by the
fundamental
theorem
of
calculus.

GEOMETRY
Geometry:It a part of mathematicsconcerned with
questions of size, shape, and relative position of
figures and with properties of space.
How Is Geometry Used In Our Daily Life?
Geometry is especially useful in home building or
improvement projects. If you want to find the floor
area of a house, you use geometry. This information is
useful for laying carpetor tiles and for telling an estate
agent how big your houseis when you want to put it
on the market. If you want to reupholster a piece of
furniture, you have to estimate the amount of
fabricyou need by calculating the

MECHANICS
Mechanics : It is concerned with the behaviour of
physical bodieswhen subjected toforces or
displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies
on their environment.

Covering a long horizontal distance while making a long

jump , the angle of elevation should be 45.

Riding a bicycle round and round a globe, head

downward

Maths is unavoidable. It's a

deeply fundamental thing.
Without math, there would be no
science, no music, no art. Maths is
part of all of those things. If it's
got structure, then there's an
aspect of it that's mathematical.

PRESENTED
BY
PAWAN
CHOUDHARY

Guided By
Mr. A.S. Varun