Ch6 Differential Conservation Equation for Inviscid Flow

6.1 Introduction
Integral Conservation equations Differential conservation equation

Vector identities :

A ds A d
s

ds d
s

1.

Unsteady flow

2.

Multi-dimensional flow

6.2 Differential Conservation Equation

6.2.1 Continuity Equation ( in Integral Form )

v ds
s

t d

v
) d 0
t

Continuity equation in

v 0 the differential form

t
( diuvergence form)
( conservatione form)

6.2.2 Momentum Equation

Integral form :

f
d

d
s

t
ds v

u
p

uv f x
t
x
v
p

vv f y
t
y
w

p
wv f z
t
z

Momentum
equation in the
differential form
(Eulers eq)

6.2.3 Energy Equation

Integral form :

v2

gd pv .ds f .v d t e 2

. pv dv
v

v2
v2
e e
t
2
2

v2
d v .ds
2
s

v2
. e 2

v d

v pv g f v

Energy equation in
the differential form.

Note : the above equation are nonlinear partial differential equations

6.3 The Substantial Derivative (material , Total Derivative)

Consider a small fluid element moving through cartesian
space,

t=t1

t=t2

V1

x
z

Lagrangian coordinate system

(Observer is following the fluid particle)

t , x0 , y0 , z0
u u t , x0 , y0 , z0
Instaneoue time rater rate of change
of density

lim
t 2 t1

2 1 D

t2 t1
Dt

V2

Eulerian coordinate system

(field description) (observer fixed in space)

v ui vj wk
u u x, y , z , t
v v x, y , z , t
w w( x, y, z , t )
x, y , z , t

 2 1 D
y2 y1
z2 z1
x2 x1

lim
lim
lim
lim
0
t t
t t
t t
t t
t2 t1 t
t2 t1 t
x t2 t1 y
t2 t1 Dt
2

u
v
w
Dt t
x
y
z

u v w v .
Dt t
x
y
z t

The substantial derivative (material derivative total

derivative)
Local time Convective
derivative
derivative

De e
e
e
e e
u v w v e
Dt t
x
y
z t

6.4 Differential Conservation Equation in Different Forms

6.4.1 Continuity Equation

. v 0
.v v .
.v
t
t
Dt

.v
Dt

6.4.2 Momentum Equation

X component - ( u ) uv p f x
t

p
u
u v v u f x
t
t
x

Du
p
f x
Dt
x
Dv
p

f y
Dt
y
Dw
p

f z
Dt
z

similarly

Dv

p f Eulers equ
Dt

6.4.3 Energy equation

v2
v2
e e
t
2
2

v v q v

v2
D e

2

pv q f v
Dt

v2
e
2

= Total energy

v2

2
Dv
De
De Dv
De

2v

v
Dt
Dt
Dt 2
Dt
Dt
Dt

Dv

De

v
p v v p q f v
Dt
Dt

De

p v q
Dt

Energy equation in terms of enthelpy h

h e pv e p

D p

Dh De

Dt Dt
Dt
De Dh D P / Dh 1 Dp p

v
Dt Dt
Dt
Dt Dt

De
Dh Dp
pv q

p v
Dt
Dt Dt

Dh Dp

q
Dt Dt

v2
Energy equation in teoms of total enthalpy h0 h
2

v2
D h

2
Dh0
Dh
Dv p

v f q
Dt
Dt
Dt
Dt t

Dh0 p

q f v
Dt
t

The total enthalpy of a moving fluid element in an inviscid flow can be changed due
to
p
t

1.

Unsteady flow

q 0

2.

Heat transfer

3.

Body forces

f .v 0

If adiabatic and no body forces

Dh0 p

Dt t

If steady furthermore

Dh0
0
Dt

h0 const -For an inviscid , adiabatic steady flow with

no body force, ho is const along a given
streamline

If ho = const for the flow field

ho = const for all the streamline

De

Dv

p
q 0 1st law of thermodynamics
De

1 D

p v q v
Dt
Dt
Dt
Dt
p D

q v 1
The internal and kinetic energy of a moving fluid can
Dt

p Dv

q
v Dt

be separated such that the 1st law written strictly in

terms of internal energy only dose indeed apply to a
moving fluid

6.5 The Entropy Equation the 2nd law of Thermodynamics

T

Ds De
Dv

p
Dt Dt
Dt

For a moving fluid particle

The entropy equation
General for a nonadiabatic viscous flow

For an inviscid adiabatic flow

De
Dv
Ds
p
q 0
0
Dt
Dt
Dt

The entropy is constant along a streamline in an adiabatic , invisvid flow (for both
steady and unsteady flows)
Isentropic
Homentropic

Ds
0
Dt
Ds
0
Dt

(along a streamline)
s 0

For compressible flow , the continuity , momentum , and energy equation are sufficients
The entropy equation is used to determine the process direction
However , for isentropic flow
energy or momentum equation

Ds
0s=
Dt

const may be used to substitute for either the

6.6 Croccos Theorem

A relation between the Thermodynamics and fluid

kinematics of a compressible flow

The movement of a fluid element can be both translational and rotational

Consider Eulers eq without body force

Dv
v

p
v v p
Dt
t

The 2nd law of thermodnamics

Tds dh vdp

1
v
v

T s h
v v h
v v

t
t

v 2 v

Ts h0
v v
2 t
v2

v v v v

Croccos theorem

v
Ts h0 v v
t
(for inviscid flow with

Vector identity :

no body force)

For steady flow

Ts h0 V

v h0 Ts
vorticity
Total
enthalpy
gradient

Gradient
of
entropy

A steady flowfield is rotational if it has gradients of total enthalpy or entropy

Consider the flow behind a curved shock wave
3

2
1

h01=h02=h0 for all the streamline

Across the bow shock
S1>S2>S3

S 0

v 0

The flowfoeld behind a curved shock is rotational