Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
Introduction
Problem statement
In India
Cancer pattern
Environmental
factors
genetic factors
Cancer control
Breast cancer
Cervical cancer
Introduction
Cancer may regarded as a group of diseases
characterized by an
Abnormal growth of cells
Ability to invade tissue and even distant organs
The eventually death of the affected patient if the
tumor has progressed beyond the stage when it
can be successfully removed
Problem statement
Worldwide
Every year 10 million people are diagnosed
and more then 6 million die
22.4 million peoples were living with cancer
in 2000
Most common cancer worldwide are
Lungs cancer (12.3%)
Breast cancer (10.4%)
Colorectal cancer (9.4%)
India
The four most common cancer in India are
Male-oropharynx, esophagus, stomach and
lower respiratory tract
Female-breast, cervix, oropharynx and
esophagus
Tabaco is used widely used in India
91% cases of oropharynx is due to Tabaco
use
60% cases in female are breast, cervix and
ovary cancer
Cancer patterns
There are lot of international variations in
the pattern of cancer which are attributed to
a number of factors such as
environmental factors
food habit
lifestyle
genetic factor
inadequacy in detection and reporting of cases
Environmental factors
Tobacco
Tobacco in various forms of usage can cause cancer of
lungs, larynx, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, bladder,
pancreas and probably kidney
Cigarette smoking is now responsible for more than 1
million death each year
Alcohol
Excess intake of alcohol can cause esophageal and liver
cancer
Beer consumption may be associated with rectal cancer
Alcohol contributes about 3 % of all cancer deaths
Dietary factor
Occupational exposures
These includes exposure to benzene,
cadmium, arsenic, chromium, vinyl chloride,
asbestos, polycyclic hydrocarbons, etc.
The risk of occupational exposure is said to be
increased if the individual also smokes
cigarette
Occupational exposure is usually reported 15% of human cancer
Virus
Parasite
May be a cause of cancer
Schistosomiasis can produce Ca of bladder
Others
Sunlight, radiation, water and air pollution,
medication and pesticides
These are related to cancer as environmental
factors
Genetic factors
Genetic influences have long been suspected
Retinoblastoma occurs in children of the
same parent
Mongols are more likely to develop leukemia
There is probably a complex relationship
between hereditary susceptibility and
environmental carcinogenic stimuli in the
causation of cancer
Cancer control
It consists of prevention, detection,
diagnosis, treatment, after care and
rehabilitation, reducing incidence and
prevalence
Primary control
Reducing the exposure to the risk factors
Control of Tabaco and alcohol consumption
Control of these two will reduce the total burden
of cancer by 1 million cases per year
Personal hygiene
Improvement in hygiene may decline the incidence
of certain types of cancers
Radiation
Effort should be made to reduce the amount of
radiation received by each individuals to a minimum
without reducing the benefits
Occupational Exposure
Should protect workers from exposure to industrial
carcinogens
Air pollutions
Control of air pollution is a preventive measure
Legislation
It comes under primary prevention
Cancer Education
Should be directed in high risk groups
To motivate people for early diagnosis and treatment
Remind early warning symptoms
A lump or hard area in the breast
A change in a wart or mole
A persistent change in digestive and bowel habits
A persistent cough or hoarseness
Excessive loss of blood at the monthly period or loss of
blood outside the usual dates
Blood loss from any natural orifice
A swelling or sore that does not get better
Unexplained loss of weight
Secondary Prevention
Cancer registration
Hospital-based registries
Population based registries
Breast cancer
Risk factors
Age
Family history
High in those with positive history in their family
Esp. if mother or sister has developed breast cancer when
premenopausal
Parity
Related to age at which women bear their first child
Those who had their first child in the late thirties are at a
higher risk than multiparous women
Unmarried women tend to have more breast tumors than
married
Single women and nulliparous women have the same risk
Hormonal factor
Elevated levels of estrogen and progesteron are
important factor in increasing breast cancer risk
Diet
Breast cancer can be linked with high fat diet
and obesity
Socio-economic status
It is higher in socio-economic groups
Age factor
Other
Radiation
Women exposed to radiation may develop breast
cancer
Prevention
Primary Prevention
Aim should be towards elimination of risk
factors
Promotion of cancer education
Increase the average of menarche by reducing
childhood obesity and increased stannous
physical activities
Or decrease the frequency of ovulation by
increased stannous physical activities
Secondary Prevention
Screening leads to early diagnosis which
influences treatment
To detect recurrence as early as possible
To detect cancer in opposite breast at an early
stage
To generate research data that might be
usefull
Natural History
The disease (a progressive course)
Normal epithelium
Dysplasia
Cancer in situ (persists for 8yrs)
Invasive cancer
Causative agnt
Human papiloma virus-sexually transmittedcancer
This virus is found in more then 95% of the
cancers
Risk Factor
Age Affects relatively young women
Age of 25-45 yrs has increased incidence
Genital warts
Past or present occurrence of clinical genital warts
has been found to be a important risk factor
Early marriage
Early marriage, early coitus, early childbearing
and repeated childbirth have increased risk
Socio-economic class
More common in lower socio-economic groups
It is because of poor genital hygiene
Prevention
Primary Prevention
Personal hygiene and birth control
Secondary Prevention
Early detect of cases through screening
Treatment by radical surgery and radiotheropy
It is difficult to cure once the symptoms are
develop
Thank you