Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Principle ISSUE1.3
Course Contents
Other MSC
VLR
HLR
EIR
AuC
Other BTSs
OMC
GSM Bandwidth
GSM 900 :
890
915
935
960
GSM 1800 :
Channel spacing 200kHz
1710
1785
1805
1880
Frequency band
GSM 1800
374
Channel spacing
200 kHz
200 kHz
Access technique
TDMA
TDMA
Mobile power
0.8 / 2 / 5 W 0.25 / 1 W
There
Thereare
areno
nomajor
majordifferences
differencesbetween
betweenGSM
GSM900
900
and
GSM
1800
and GSM 1800
Logical Channels
GSM900/GSM1800
Logical Channels
Common Channels
(CCH)
Broadcast Control
Channel (BCCH)
FCH
SCH
BCCH
(Sys Info)
Dedicated Channels
(DCH)
Common Control
Channel (CCCH)
PCH
AGCH
RACH
Control Channels
SDCCH
FACCH
SACCH
Traffic Channels
(TCH)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH/9.6F
TCH/ 4.8F, H
TCH/ 2.4F, H
Downlink Channels
FCCH
Common
Channels
BCCH
SCH
BCCH
CCCH
PCH
AGCH
SDCCH
Dedicated
Channels
DCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
Uplink Channels
RACH
CCCH
Common
Channels
SDCCH
SACCH
DCCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
Dedicated
Channels
TCH
off state
idle mode
dedicated
mode
idle mode
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
TCH
FACCH
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
Exercises
GSM900:
Uplink: 935---960
Downlink: 890---915
GSM1800:
Uplink: 1805--1880
Downlink: 1710--1785
Exercises
Broadcast Control
Channel (BCCH)
FCH
SCH
BCCH
(Sys Info)
Dedicated Channels
(DCH)
Common Control
Channel (CCCH)
PCH
AGCH
RACH
Control Channels
SDCCH
FACCH
SACCH
Traffic Channels
(TCH)
TCH/F
TCH/H
TCH/9.6F
TCH/ 4.8F, H
TCH/ 2.4F, H
Course Contents
Limited
transmitting energy
Limited
propagation
spectrum
propagation
Shadowing
Terrain
Building
Reflection
Interference
Reflections
Strong
direct signal
strong reflected signal
amplitude
equalizer window 16 s
delay time
Fading(1)
Slow
Fast
Level (dB)
920 MHz
v = 20 km/h
-30
5m
Fading(2)
power
Rayleigh
fading
+20 dB
lognormal
fading
mean
value
- 20 dB
2 sec
4 sec
6 sec
time
Signal Variations
Propagation
Free-
space propagation
Specula R.
Amplitude : A --> *A (< 1)
Phase
: --> -
Polarization : material determining phase shift
Diffuse R.
Amplitude : A --> *A (<< 1)
Phase
: random
Polarization : random
specula reflection
diffuse reflection
Propagation
Absorption
Diffraction
Wedge-model
Knife edge
Multiple knife edges
A - 5..30 dB
Propagation Model
Historical
Okumura
Hata
Empirical model
Measure and estimate additional attenuations
Applied for larger distance estimation (range: 5 .. 20km)
Not suitable for small distance ( < 1km)
Hata Model
Model
L A B log f 1382
. log hb a (hm )
(44.9 6.55 log hb ) log d Lmorpho
with
f
h
a(h)
d
frequency in MHz
additional attenuation due
BS antenna height [m]
to land usage classes
function of MS antenna height
distance between BS and MS [km] and
h
w
b
2.
Propagation model
3.
Antenna system
4.
Diversity technique
5.
6.
Link budget
Antenna Characteristics
Lobes
Main lobes
Side and Back lobes
Front-to-Back ratio
Half-power
beam-width
Antenna downtilt
Polarization
Frequency range
Antenna impedance
Mechanical size
Horizontal
separation
Vertical
separation
10
Decoupling distance:1 can provide good RX /TX5 ..decoupling
Minimum
coupling loss
Installation Examples
Recommended
TX - TX: ~20dB
TX - RX: ~40dB
Horizontal
decoupling
Antenna gain
Horizontal rad. pattern
Omni-directional
0,2m
Installation Examples
Directional
antenna
Antenna downtilt
5..8 deg
Feeder
Feeder
parameter
Type
(mm)
3/8
5/8
7/8
1 5/8
Diameter
1800MHz
dB/100m
dB/100m
10
17
25
14
9
6
47
900MHz
10
6
4
3
Distributed Antennas
Leaking
feeder
Cables with very high loss per length unit distributed antenna o
ften used for tunnel coverage. This kind of feeder is expensive
50 Ohm
coupling loss: ~ 60 dB (at 1m dist.)
Optic
Repeaters
Repeater
The
type
Narrow-band Repeater
Wide-band Repeater
Diversity
Time
diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency
diversity
Frequency hopping
Space
diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization
diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path
diversity
Equalizer
Antenna diversity
3dB gain
More path loss acceptable in link budget
Higher coverage range
R(div) ~ 1,3 R
A 1.7 A
70% more coverage per cell
Needs, less cells in total
Interference
Signal quality =
sum of all expected signals
sum of all unexpected signal
expected signal
carrier (C )
interference (I)
atmospheric
noise
other signals
Effects of Interference
Affect
signal quality
Cause bit error
Repairable errors :
Irreducible errors :
Interference
situation is
C/I
Co-Channel C/I
: 9dB
Adjacent Channel C/I : -12dB
good
usable signal
acceptable
unusable
signal
RXQUAL
class
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mean BER
BER range
(%)
from... to
0.14
< 0.2%
0.28
0.2 ... 0.4 %
0.57
0.4 ... 0.8 %
1.13
0.8 ... 1.6 %
2.26
1.6 ... 3.2 %
4.53
3.2 ... 6.4 %
9.05
6.4 ... 12.8 %
18.1
> 12.8 %
Interference sources
Multi-path
(long echoes)
Frequency reuse
External interference
planning
Suitable site location
Antenna azimuth, downtilt and height
bad location
good location
hopping
A diversity technique, frequency diversity include:
Power
DTX
Adaptive
antenna
channel allocation
Frequency Hopping
Diversity
Cyclic
RF
technique
base-band hopping
hopping
Either cyclic or random hopping
Needs wideband combiner
Can use any frequency included in the MA
Power Control
Save
battery life-time
Minimize interference
GSM : 15 steps and 2 dB for each
Use power control in both uplink and downlink
triggered by level or quality
signal
level
target level
e.g. -85 dm
DTX
DTX
(Discontinuous transmission)
VAD:
Battery
Batterysaving
savingand
and
interference
interferencereducing
reducing
Desired
Exercises
Answer
Course Contents
initial
dimensioning
marketing
business
plan
transmission
plan
coverage
plan
parameter
plan
traffic
estimate
Frequency
plan
final
topology
External
requirements
Subscriber forecasts
Coverage requirements
Quality of service
Network planning
Recommended sites
Data acquisition
information
Terrain data
Population data
Bandwidth available
Site survey
Field measurement evaluation
CW design and analysis
Transmission plan
Network
design
Network
performance
Gos
Margin calculations
Interference probabilities
Quality observation
Input Data
Maps
Main city
Important road
Location of mountain range
Inhabited area
Shore line
Local
knowledge
Typical architecture
Structure of city
Demographic Data
Statistical
Local
yearbook
knowledge
Network Configuration
Estimate number of BTS needed
VERY rough initial estimation :
total operators bandwidth
planned freq. reuse rate= average number of TRX allowed per cell
reasons
Marketing
Planning
Network Planning
1.
Network Topology
Umbrella cell
Macro cell
Micro cell
Pico cell
performance solution
Suitable for covering large area
Cell
ranges 2 ..20km
Used with low traffic volume
2..20
km
Normally
oriented network
Suitable for high traffic area
Mostly used with beamed cell
Typical
application
Medium town
Suburb
Typical
0,5 .. 2km
Traffic Estimation
Estimate
number of subscribers
Long-term prediction
Forecast Subscribers
Expected
Traffic Planning
Estimation
of expected traffic
==>
traffic
per
==>
sq.km
traffic
per
cell
Traffic Patterns
Traffic
100 %
peak hour
off-peak
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24 hr
Coverage Planning
external inputs:
(traffic, subs. forecast,
coverage requirements...)
suggestions for
site locations
cell parameters
coverage achieved
coverage prediction
signal strength
multi-path propagation
go to
frequency
planning
create cell
data for
BSC
field measurements
planning
criteria fulfilled?
N
coverage,
ok?
Y
site acquisition
site accepted ?
Coverage Requirements
Rollout
Loss
requirement
Indoor coverage area
Mobile classes
Operators cell deployment strategies
phase 1
CW launch
rollout
phase 2
Coverage Planning
Loss
Due to coverage
Due to interference
Network planning
1.
Frequency Planning
Why
Use
Frequency Planning
Target
method
Frequency Planning
Frequency
Average
cheme:
physical practical
limit
limit
10
20
safe, but
uneconomical
Frequency Reuse
Reuse
Consideration
f2
f6
f3
f5
f7
f4
f2
f4
f7
f4
f2
f5
f4
f2
f6
f3
f4
f7
f3
f5
f4
f2
f6
f5
f2
f6
f3
f7
f5
f5
f6
f3
f5
f3
f3
f4
reuse rate
same frequency
in every cell
(spread spectrum)
12
normal planning
(TCH macro layer)
15
18
safe planning
(BCCH layer)
21
cap. N
Multiple reuse:
BCCH layer:
reuse =14,
(14 freq.)
normal TCH:
reuse =10,
(20 freq.)
tight TCH layer: reuse = 6,
(6 freq.)
==> Network capacity = (1 +2 +1)* 300 = 1200
TRX
BWi
re use
i
Site Location
Cell
Uncontrollable interference
Cross coverage
Bad handover behavior
wanted cell
boundary
uncontrolled, strong
interferences
wanted cell
boundary
criteria
Non-radio criteria
direction
No obstacles
Good visibility of terrain
Antenna installation situation
LOS to next microwave site
Short feeder length
Site select
site owner
radio planner
network
operator
measurement
teams
fixed network
planner
architect
Site Information
Questionnaire
House owner
Type of building
Building materials
Transmission Planning
A
BTS
BTS
BSS
MSC
BSS
BSC Hub
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
Transmission Concept
Transmission methods
Tra
nsm
iss
ion
e
qui
pm
ent
CATV
ISDN
PCM
ATM
HDSL
Transmission techniques
PDH
SDH
Transmission media
Fiber
Coaxial cable
Copper cable
Microwave radio
Terrestrial/satellite
Microwave Links
High
Normal
transmission link
(LOS path)
Long distance hops are problematic
Pro
Repeater
station
Terminal
station A
Terminal
station B
MULTIDROP
CHAIN
STAR
(Concentration points)
LOOP
Network topology
Prefer
BTS
MSC
BTS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC/ MSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
Course Contents
Network evolution
2. Indoor coverage
3. Tunnel coverage
4. Parameters
Cell Evolution
Umbrella Cell
5-50Km
Early 80s
Macro Cell
1-5Km
Mid-end 80s
Macro Cell
Micro Cell
100m-1Km
Mid 90s
Pico Cell
10m-100m
Mid-end 90s
Layered Network
Layered Network
Indoor station
Indoors station
function of
Bandwidth
Frequency efficiency of technology
Frequency reuse
Cell size
Directed
Directed
Retry
Retry
Power
Power
Control
Control
DTX
DTX
Load
Load
distribution
distribution
Load HO
Load HO
Half-rate
Half-rate
code
code
multiple cell
multiple cell
coverage
coverage
Frq. hopping
Frq. hopping
Network evolution
2. Indoor coverage
3. Tunnel coverage
4. Parameters
Why Indoors
Indoor
Good
Quality!
INDOOR SOLUTION
Benefits
Continuous Coverage
Low Transmission Powers (BTS/MS)
Dedicated
Indoor Solution
Subscriber expectation
Continuous Service
Good Quality
Safety
MS Battery Life-time
Office Equipment
Less Interference
Pindoor = -3 ...-15 dB
Pindoor = -7 ...-18 dB
Pref = 0 dB
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
-15 ...-25 dB
no coverage
17 dB
30 dB
10 dB
9 dB
armed glass
8 dB
6 dB
window glass
2 dB
Lout
Lwall
application example
old house
0,7 dB/m
(urban l)
commercial type
0,5 dB/m
(modern offices)
0,2 dB/m
Lin
BTS
Mini BTS
Antennas
Repeater
Active
Passive
Optical
Distribute antenna
Leaky cable
Signal
distribution
Power splitter
Optical fiber
Indoor Planning
Single cell approach
Multi-Cell approach
f1..f6
f1..f6
f1..f6
Example1:
1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber, GOS=2%
no frequency reuse:
a) three floors
36 Erl=> 720 subscribers
b) ten floors
36 Erl => 720 subscribers
f5
f3
f1
f6
f5
f4
f3
f2
f1
Example2:
1.2 MHz allocation
50 mErl/subscriber , GOS=2%
reuse per two floor, separate
frequencies within one floor:
a) three floors
27 Erl => 540 subs
b) ten floors
90 Erl => 1800 subs
Leaky cable
Coaxial
With
Repeater
-50 dBm
50m
1:1
1:1
4th floor
50m
50m
1:1
1:1
Outdoor Antenna
Gain: 18 dBi
3rd floor
50m
7/8'' Cable
Loss: 4dB / 50m
Cable length : 25m
4th Floor
3rd Floor
50m
1:1
1:1:1
1:1
2nd floor
50m
50m
1st Floor
1st floor
50m
50m
1:1
50m
2nd Floor
ground floor
Ground Floor
Indoor Antenna
Gain: 9dBi
Repeater
Types
of Repeater
needs
decoupling > amplification
Repeater
Application
examples
Newspaper Principles
The
newspaper-principle
Indoor
coverage
may
be
expected in locations where
there is no enough daylight to
read a newspaper comfortably
Network evolution
2. Indoor coverage
3. Tunnel coverage
4. Parameters
Tunnels
Tunnelsare
arevery
verysuitable
suitableenvironment
environment
for
forradio
radiowave
wavepropagation
propagation
Tunnel Cross-Section
Filling
Network evolution
2. Indoor coverage
3. Tunnel coverage
4. Parameters
BSS Parameters
BSS
Handover Types
Intra-cell
Inter-cell
Inter-BSC
Inter-MSC
Inter-PLMN
Intra-cell
Inte-rcell
inter-BSC
Handover Criteria
1.
Interference, UL and DL
2. Bad C/I ratio
3. Uplink Quality
4. Downlink Quality
5. Uplink Level
6. Downlink Level
7. Distance
8. Rapid Signal Drop
9.
MS Speed
10. Power Budget
11. Good C/I ratio
12. PC: Lower quality/level thres
holds (DL/UL)
13. PC: Upper quality/level thres
holds (DL/UL)
Location
major road
Location area 2
Location area 1
function of
user mobility
Paging
Location update
optimum number
of cells in Loc. area
Exercises
Answer
1.The network evolution process is: Umbrella cell-> Macro cell >Micro cell->Picro cell
3.The handover types are: Inter BSC, Intra BSC, Intra cell, Inter
cell, Inter MSC and Intra MSC.
M
ini BTS, Repeater, antennas( distribute antenna, leaky ca
ble), signal distribution( power splitter, optical fiber).