Information And Communication

Technology

By-

Ram Kishore Roy

Department of Electronics and Communication Technology,
Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India

Introduction

Plan of Talk

Information and Communication

Technology
Parts of Computer
Hardware
Software
Basic PC Components
Networks and Communication
Internet
E-mail
Information and Communication
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Number System
Technology

Introduction

Technological innovation is essential for

human development.

From the printing press to the computer,

people have devised tools for facilitating
learning and communication.

Technology is not inherently good or bad,

the outcome depends on how it is used.

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Information and communications technology

Information technology (IT) is a technology which
uses computers to gather, process, store, protect,
and transfer information.
Information and communications technology (ICT)
involves innovations in microelectronics, computing
(hardware and software), telecom-medications and
opto-electronics microprocessors, semiconductors, fiber optics.
These innovations enable the processing and storage
of enormous amounts of information, along with
rapid
distribution
of
information
through
communication networks.
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Parts of Computer

The computer consists of:

Hardware:- physical computer parts, palpable and
visible

Software:- Computer Software are programs that tell the

computer what to do.

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Examples of Computer Hardware

Monitor: T.V. like screen used to show
pictures and words
CPU: Central Processing Unit this is
where most of the computers
calculations take place. In terms of
computing power, the CPU is the
most
important
element
of
a
computing system.
Keyboard: This device is used to type
information into the computer and contains
the numbers 0-9.
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More Computer Hardware

Mouse: a small device, which you move across
the top of the desk to move the pointer or cursor
on the screen.
Printer: used to make a paper copy of
the information from the computer.

Image Scanner: an electronic device

that
generates
a
digital
representation of an image for data
input to a computer
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Computer Architecture
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Basic principle of computers

Data enters the computer through one or more input
devices. The computer then processes the data and
transmits the resulting data to output devices. Output
devices can be human interfaces such as a screen or
another electronic device such as a storage device or
computer network.

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Basic PC Components
Motherboard: The motherboard is the core of the
system. It really is the PC; everything else is connected
to it, and it controls everything in the system.
Processor: The processor is often thought of as the
engine of the computer. Its also called the CPU
(central processing unit).
Memory: (RAM) The system memory is often called
RAM (for random access memory). This is the primary
working memory, which holds all the programs and
data the processor is using at a given time.
Case/chassis: The case is the frame or chassis that
houses the motherboard, power supply, disk drives,
adapter cards, and any other physical components in
the system. The case is covered in
Power supply: The power supply feeds electrical
power to the internal components in the PC.
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 Floppy drive: The floppy drive is a low-capacity, removablemedia, magnetic-storage device. Many recent systems use
other types of removable magnetic or USB-based flash memory
devices instead of floppy drives for removable storage.
Hard drive: The hard disk is the primary high-capacity storage
media for the system.
CD or DVD drive: CD (compact disc) and DVD (digital versatile
disc) drives are relatively high-capacity, removable-media,
optical drives; most newer systems include drives featuring
write/rewrite capability.
Keyboard: The keyboard is the primary device on a PC that is
used by a human to communicate with and control a system.
Mouse: Although many types of pointing devices are on the
market today, the first and most popular device for this purpose
is the mouse.
Video card: The video card controls the information you see on
the monitor.
Monitor Monitors are output device.
Sound card: A sound card enables the PC to generate complex
sounds.
Network/modem: Most prebuilt PCs ship with a network
interface and possibly a modem.
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Motherboard

Intel and Intel-Compatible Processors and Their

Data Bus/Register Widths
Processor
Data Bus Width Register Size
8088
8-bit
16-bit
8086
16-bit
16-bit
286
16-bit
16-bit
386SX
16-bit
32-bit
386DX/486/5x86 32-bit
32-bit
Intel/AMD x86 w/FSB
64-bit
32-bit
AMD x86 w/HyperTransport 16-bit
32-bit
AMD x86-64 w/HT 16-bit
64-bit
Intel x86-64 w/FSB 64-bit
64-bit
Intel x86-64 w/QPI 20-bit
64-bit
FSB = Front Side Bus (parallel bus)
HT = HyperTransport (serial point-to-point)
QPI = QuickPath Interconnect (serial point-to-point)
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Computer Input Devices

Computer Devices that input information in
the computer
Examples

Key Board
Mouse
Scanner
Digital Camera
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Computer Output Devices

Computer Devices that output
information from the computer.
Examples
Monitor
Printer

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Input and output devices

Input devices:
o keyboard
o scanner
o touchpad
o mouse
o trackball
o joystick
o microphone
o stylus
o camera (web, digital)

Output Device
monitor
projector
printer
plotter
speakers
earphones

Device that is both input and output: Touch screen

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Common devices and media for storing and

transferring data:
Hard Disk

USB Flash Drive

Diskette And ZIP Diskette
CD And DVD Discs
Memory Cards
Internal Hard Disk
External Hard Disk
Network Disk Drive
Online Storage Device
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The role of ICT

It is accepted that telecommunication is a basic
infrastructure necessary for economic and social
development of a country.
This is even becoming more strong than ever as
information related economic activities are growing.
Information and communications technology may be
described as the support of the central nervous system of
complex societies, transmitting and processing information
and commands among the various parts of such societies.
Internet plays a fundamental function in ICT role
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Software - a computer program which, as opposed to

hardware, is an intangible part of the computer, written to
perform a single or multiple tasks on computer using the
built-in hardware.

Software types:
operating systems (OS) - the basic program on your
computer that is automatically loaded when computer
is started up:
o Linux (Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, Knoppix...)
o Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista, 7...)
o Mac OS X (Cheetah, Panther, Snow Leopard...)
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Application Software some types of software that can be

used on an installed operating system:
o office programs - OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice, Microsoft
Office
o antivirus program Avira, Sophos, Kaspersky etc.
o Web browser: Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Opera, Safari
E -accessibility options:
Voice Recognition Software,
Screen Reader,
Magnifying Tool,
On-screen Keyboard.
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Computer types:
Mainframe Computer
o large, powerful and expensive computers,
o often used within large systems and organizations,
o can be used by more then one user simultaneously.

Personal Computer PC
o first PC was made by IBM in 1981,
o it was originally made for executing a single task by a single
user at the time.
o today: a single person can execute many tasks simultaneously
(multitasking).

Apple Macintosh (Mac)

o personal computer made by Apple company,
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Laptop computer (notebook)

relatively small computers, easily carried around,

o consists of LCD display and a small keyboard,

o do not fall behind PCs by their functions

Personal Digital Assistant - PDA (Palm)

o
o

small computers that can fit into a pocket or user's palm,

meant for performing basic personal/business functions:
managing personal or business tasks and assignments,
maintaining the address book,
accessing and browsing the Internet,
sending/receiving e-mails, etc.
PDAs have now been replaced by modern smart phones that
combine the features of a PDA with a mobile phone and camera.
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Network connected computer

o every computer (PC, notebook, PDA) connected to
the network is considered a network computer; can
be connected either through network cable or
through a phone line (at least to one more
computer
Beside notebooks and palms, there are other
portable digital devices:
Mobile Phone
Smartphone mobile phone with advanced
functions such as e-mail, Internet browser, ebook
reader
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Multimedia Player:
iPod,
iRiver, Zune
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Networks
LAN (Local Area Network) - a small network that physically connects nearby
computers (computers within the firm, organization, or a household)
WAN (Wide Area Network) - a larger network that covers a city or a region,
Internet a world network of connected computers, connected through WAN
and LAN
Intranet - a smaller network, closed version of internet to which only certain
(authorized) people are granted access (members of an organization)
Extranet an intranet version, to which only certain people are granted access
(not exclusively members of an organization, but also outsourced experts for
performing common tasks),
World Wide Web (WWW) - one of the services that can be used on Internet
which enables us to view and search contents in a form of web-pages

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other services on Internet that can

be used

Instant messaging (IM) - Google Talk, Skype, Windows Live Messenger,

Yahoo! Messenger
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) - protocol used for voice transfer
over IP network; it basically enables us to use internet in order to make
phone-calls
Really Simple Syndication (RSS) used for dissemination of
information or articles etc. published on web page using RSS channel
(RSS news usually consists of title, few sentences and link to a web page
where users can read the whole article). Users have to subscribe to RSS
channel in order to receive news in their RSS reader. This eliminates a
need for visiting a web page in order to find out latest news
web log
Blog
podcast - digital file that contains audio or video record
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Network communication:
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) a technical
expression for public telephone System

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) most
common communication standard in the consumer market

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Internet Data Transfer:

Download - data storing from internet onto personal computer
Upload - data storing from personal computer to internet
server
Data Rate Units:
o bit per second (bps), kilobit per second (kbps), and megabit
per second (mbps).

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Internet access
o Dial-up use of phone line in order to connect to the internet. The
bill for the internet usage is directly proportional to the time spent
on the Internet and/or the amount of data transferred.
o Broadband the bill is formed according to speed of data transfer.
Additionally, in areas where informational infrastructure for
broadband is not developed enough (or for other reason), amount
of data transfer is also charged. Unlike dial-up, time spent on the
internet is not charged and as a consequence there is a greater risk
from hacker intrusion in computers or networks that are connected
to internet 24/7
o Internet can also be accessed through phone, mobile, and cable
line, as well as through wireless access or via satellite connection
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Virtual (online) communities

social networking websites: Facebook, Bebo, Twitter,
MySpace, LinkedIn, Nexopia, Hi5,Tagged, XING, Orkut, etc.
Internet forums Forum.hr, Download.hr, etc.
chat rooms, e.g. Chat Rooms
multiplayer games: Silkroad Online, Knight Online,
Anarchy Online, Guild Wars, World of Warcraft
Ways to publish and share contents on the internet: blog,
podcast, photos, video and audio contents.

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Advices on how to protect oneself while using virtual communities:

protect privacy of your profile,
limit publishing and use of your personal data,
be aware that published information can be publicly accessible,
be cautious while communicating with strangers.
Computer in the workplace:
tasks more suited to a computer than a human:
o repetitive tasks,
o easy automated tasks ,
o mathematical operations,
o tasks that require high precision and speed.
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Information and Communication Technology (ITC) exists in

every aspect of modern society. Some well known
applications include:
o
applications for corporations (airlines, insurance
companies, internet banking)
o applications for state organizations (electronic voting, tax
refund)
o applications for healthcare (data about patients, diagnostic
tools and instruments, special surgical equipment)
o applications for education (computer based training - CBT,
distance learning, e-learning): adaptive learning time,
flexible learning location, multimedia learning experience,
reduced costs
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Benefits From ICT

Information and communications technology carries on
high promise both in human and economic terms.
Benefits could be obtained in:
Education
Job training
Health care
Food security
Environment management
Government efficiency

And specifically in Science and Technology:

Speed up dissemination of scientific results
world-wide through scientific knowledge sharing
and exchange
Allows to set up of Virtual Labs for
Information and Communication
communications
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Examples of ICT Use

Mobile telephones
Video and tele-conferencing
Lap-top computers
E-mail
Multi-media communications

ICT in everyday life:

e - mail
e - commerce
online banking
e - government
online shopping
e - learning
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Information security
Information security is defined as:
o preservation of information confidentiality, integrity and
availability
o information security measures are the rules of data
protection on physical, technical and organizational level

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Malware
Malware - computer code - program that can infect computer, spread
on other computer independently or with a help from a user thus
stealing or damaging data, and enabling crackers to take over control
of your computer.
most commonly spread via attachments in e-mail,

symptoms of infection: slow performance, computer not

responding to commands or crashes and restarts; in extreme situations
malware damages files responsible for proper functioning of the
operating system which can totally disable computer.
removing malware: use one of the antimalware
programs
malware protection:
o never use pirated software which is usually infected with malicious
software,
o install antimalware software which detects computer malware,
o open e-mails and web pages from recognized senders and authors
(the safest way is not to connect to the Internet or any other computer
network)
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Copyright - the right of an author of text, images, music, film, etc.

to protect their intellectual property.
Product identification number (PID) is a number that comes with
legally purchased software as an authenticity validation.
Licensed software identification: serial
registration, software license inspection.

number

check-up,

Software License Agreement- EULA (end-user license agreement).

Freeware - software free for personal use; for example: Adobe
Reader.
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Open source - software whose source code is publicly

available for inspection, use, modification and
redistribution; for example, OpenOffice.org - office suite
software, Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, Media
Wiki, Joomla.

Shareware - programs that are free for temporary use at

home

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Bytes, Kilobytes,
Megabytes and Gigabytes
Byte 8 Bits=1 byte
KB
Kilobyte=1024 bytes
MB
Megabyte=1024 KB
(1 million) bytes
GB
Gigabyte=1024 MB
(1 billion) bytes
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Ive heard those words,

but whats a Byte??

All the information that moves

through our computer is based
on 2 commands.
Thats all, just two. The two
commands are ON and OFF.
They are symbolized by 1s and
0s.
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Thats right! The only information our computer

can understand is ON (1) and OFF (0)!
The millions of combinations of those two
commands given in series are what makes our
computer work.

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Remember, the computer reads ON or open bits

or switches as the number 1.
Closed switches are OFF because electricity
cant get through.
The computer reads OFF bits or switches as 0.

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Bit
a binary digit, the smallest unit of information, a
one or a zero.
the smallest unit of electronic information, a bit an
hold either of two variables, 0 or 1.

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The memory chips in our

computer are divided into
thousands of tiny
compartments called bits.
Each and every bit has an
electronic switch, or gate.
ON means the gate is open
and letting electricity
through.
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What is email?
short for electronic mail
send & receive messages over the internet

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What you need

a computer with internet access
an email account with a service provider such
as Yahoo, Gmail, Hotmail, etc
note: Microsoft Outlook and Apple Mail, are
NOT email providers (which is why you cant
email from library computers without an
account)

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Choosing an email provider

Most common are Hotmail (Microsoft), Gmail
(Google), Yahoo Mail (Yahoo!)

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Setting up your email account

Parts of an email address: dwalker@surfcityhb.org
user name : dwalker (you create your own) (each is
unique)
@ symbol : unique to email addresses (Shift key +
2)
email providers name: surfcity-hb (yours will be
yahoo)
domain : .org (yours will be .com)
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Password
Something easy to remember, but difficult to
guess
Do NOT use sensitive information, such as SSN,
bank PIN, etc.

Usually a combination of letters and numbers is

best
Verification questions in case you forget your
password

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The parts of an email

To : enter the exact email address of your recipient

(remember: name@provider.domain)
For multiple recipients, separate each address with a
comma
CC : carbon copy
BCC : BLIND carbon copy is anonymous
Subject : the topic of your email very important
Body : the message of your email
Attachments : the paperclip symbol - files or photos

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E-mail Protocols
POP Client Post Office Protocol
Lets you work without being connected to mail server
Upload to send mail - Download to read mail
Allows almost any e-mail program to access e-mail from
server
IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol
Permits a "client" email program to access remote
message stores as if they were local
Enables user to access messages from more than one
computer
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ASCII

American Standard Code for

Information Exchange, code
that represents English
characters as numbers, used
to represent text and
transfer information between
computers.

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Bandwidth
The Amount Of Data That Can Be
Transmitted In A Given Amount Of
Time, Typically Expressed As Bits Per
Second (Bps).

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cookie
Electronic File Transmitted
From A Server To A Web
Browser And Sent Back To
The Server When A New File
Is Requested. Cookies Are
Stored On The Browser.

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Domain Name
Names
Used
In
Url's
And
Corresponding To One Or More IP
Addresses. Domain Names Always
Carry A Suffix, The Top-level Domain
Name Such As Com Or Edu. Domain
Names In A URL Are Case Sensitive.

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Domain Name Service (DNS)

Internet service that translates
domain names into their numeric
IP numbers

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Firewall
Programming Designed To Prevent
Internet Users From Accessing Parts Of
An Internet Server.

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

a common protocol that
facilitates transferring any type
of electronic files over the Web.

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol

(HTTP)
the protocol computers use to
transmit Web documents between
computers, identified by the prefix
"http://" of the URL.

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Hypertext Markup Language

(HTML)

Programming Language Used To

Create Documents Displayed By Web
Browsers, A Logical Language To
Format Documents That Can Be
Universally Understood On Different
Computer Platforms And By Different
Web Browsers.

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Internet Service Provider (ISP)

companies that sell access to the
Internet to other users.

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IP address
the numerical identifier for a computer
connected to a TCP/IP network, such as
the Internet. IP addresses consist of a
set of four numbers from 0 - 255 and
separated by periods. For example
199.104.230.26.

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Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
the standard suite of protocols
used to connect computers on
the Internet and on
intranets.

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

the address of a Web page.

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Identify the parts of a URL

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USEFUL BOOKS:
1. SAMS Teach Yourself Upgrading and Fixing PCs
in 24 Hours G. A. Grimes
2. Tune Up Your PC - FAITHE WEMPEN
3. Upgrading and Repairing PCs (19th Ed) S
Mueller

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