DAR ES SALAAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ORDINARY DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE;ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PROJECT TITLE;DESIGN A RAIN DETECTING CIRCUIT
AND ALAM FOR DRYING CLOTHES AT ENDUIMENT
SECONDARY SCHOOL
PROJECT TYPE;SOLVING PROBLEM
NAME;HUSSEIN A. OMARY
ADMISSION;130323291299
ACADEMIC YEAR; 2015/2016

PROBLEM STATEMENT
In our daily life the cleanness is very important to maintain our health
safe. Clothes are washed and expose them to the sun for drying, but
when the rain start to it causes the clothes which exposed to the sun for
drying to wet.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXISTING SYSTEM

RAIN

REMEMBRACE
OF PERSON

AREA FOR CLOTHES

DRIER

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

MAIN OBJECTIVE

-To provide means of arleting once the rain start so as some one
should remove the clothes from the drying area.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

-To design a rain detecting circuit and alarm for drying

the clothes.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

-To minimize the effect of wetting the clothes at Maswa nursery school

PRINCIPLE OPERATION OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system involve the electric devices such as rain sensor,
piezo buzzer, resistors, transistor, diodes,and switch for making a rain
detector circuit and when a rain sensor detect a rain drops and send
signal to the controller then signal to the piezo buzzer which give out
sound.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

`POWER SUPPLY

3-4 NUMBERS OF
DROPS

CONDUCTIVITY
SENSOR

SWITCHING

BUZZER

METHODOLOGY

Literature review
Data collection
Data analysis
Designing a circuit
Building a prototype
Testing a prototype
Reporting writing

LITERATURE REVIEW

sensor
A sensor is a physical device which is capable to detect any physical
quantity and to change one type of energy to another type of energy
for required purpose.
There are different types of sensor depending on uses such as
conductivity sensor , proximity sensor, photo electric sensor and so
forth.
Rain sensor
The mechanism of this sensor is as follows; when a rain drop hit a
sensor cause a close circuit and allow current to flow hence switch
ON a transistor

LITERATURE REV;CONT
The figure below show how the rain sensor is.
Diagram of rain sensor

This is done through internet on;

http/www.aaroncake.net/circuits/raindet.asp and
http/www.rainsensors.com

TRANSISTOR

Basic Transistor Operation

A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a semiconductor device with two pn junctions. In
normal operation, the base-emitter junction (BE) is forward-biased, while the basecollector junction (BC) is reverse-biased.
When base current (IB) is flowing across the BE junction and even though the BC
junction is reverse-biased, then a current will flow from the emitter to the collector. This
current is called the collector current (IC).
The current flowing at the emitter is called the emitter current (IE).
The relationship of these three currents is IE = IB + IC.
dc Transistor Circuit Analysis
The ratio of the collector current IC to the base current IB is called the dc current gain or
dc beta ( DC). DC = IC/IE.
Transistor data sheets usually refer to DC as hFE.
The ratio of IC to IE is called the dc alpha (aDC). aDC = IC/IE
VBE, when forward-biased, is about 0.7 V.
Rearranging the equation for DC, we find that IC = DCIB. The collector current depends
on the flow of the base current. The input current IB is amplified by the value of DC.
The voltage drop across the collector resistor (RC) is VRC = ICRC.
The voltage at the collector with respect to ground VCE is found by VCE = VCC VRC.

TRANSISTOR CONT

Cut-off and Saturation

Cut-off is a condition in the operation of a BJT when IB = 0 and therefore IC = 0.
During cut-off, the BE junction is reverse-biased, and only a small amount of collector
leakage current (ICEO) flows.
The BC junction is also reverse-biased during cut off.
Saturation is a condition when IE increases, causing IC to increase. This increase in
ICE forces VCE to decrease to nearly zero. The BC junction becomes forward-biased,
and VCE reaches a value called VCE(sat) (about 0.1 V).
At saturation the collector current becomes known as IC(sat). Further increase in IB
can cause no additional IC to flow.
DC increases directly with an increase in temperature.
Maximum Transistor Ratings
Manufacturers' data sheets list maximum parameters for safe operation of the BJT.
These maximum ratings usually cover VCB, VCE, VBE, IC, and power dissipation
PD(max).
The product of IC and VCE must not exceed PD(max). Maximum values of both IC
and VCE must not be used at the same time. Calculate these values with IC =
PD(max)/VCE, or rearranging the equation, VCE = PD(max)/IC.

The Transistor as an Amplifier

Amplification is the process of linearly increasing the amplitude of an
electrical signal.
Since IB is small compared to IC, an approximation can be made that IC =
IE.
Amplification most often deals with ac signals. The ac emitter current (Ie) =
Vin/r
e where ras
eaisSwitch
the ac resistance of the emitter.
The Transistor
The
ratiothe
of Vout
to Vinwhere
is called
(Av). Av
= Vout/Vin.
Cut-off,
condition
IB =voltage
0, alsogain
will cause
VCE
to equal
Voltage
canthen,
be calculated
Av = like
RC/rane.
VCC. In gain
cut-off,
the BJT isby
acting
open switch. No
current is flowing.
Saturation, the condition where IC is maximum, causes VCE to be
near zero. Since there is maximum IC, the internal resistance
between the emitter and the collector is very low. In saturation, the
BJT is acting like a closed switch. Maximum current is flowing.

DATA COLLECTION
Data collection for proposed system are follows
sensor used-rain/probe sensor
ac supply voltage - 240v/50Hz
buzzer-12vdc

DATA ANALYSIS
POWER SUPPLY
power supplies are used to supply power to the circuit. A typical power
supply designed for this project has three major components which are
Transformer, rectifier and filter as shown in figure below. The power
source comes from the utility supply is 240v ac at a frequency of 50Hz. A
step transformer lowers the voltage to 18v ac as required by the supply
output. A full wave rectifier converts this alternating voltage of 18v ac to
dc pulsing voltage. A capacitor filter smoothes the output waveform to
remove ac ripples.
AC

DC

DC

Input
TRANSFORMER

RECTIFIER

FILTER

Output

240v
A

Block diagram of power supply

D1
BRIDGE

240V AC

12V DC

T1

Vp

C1
4700uF

(Where: Vp=ripple/pulsating voltage; T1=transformer;D1=diodes;C1 capacitor)

DIAGRAM ABOVE REPRESENT POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Rating of a transformer

The transformer needed is step down having a rating of 240v/18v

Rectifier
The voltage from the supply is stepped down by the use of ac transformer is
rectified by the bridge rectifier by providing ac voltage to pulsating dc
voltage. The pulsating dc voltage is filtered out to minimize ripples
In full wave rectifier two diodes conducts at a time due to that there is a voltage
drop .since the diode used made by silicon the voltage drop is 0.7v because
two diode conducts at a time the voltage drop is 1.4v
I.e. 0.7v*2=1.4v
To get the rectified voltage
=18v-1.4v
=16.6v

PROPORSED CIRCUIT

BUZZER RATING
voltage-12V
Resistance of buzzer (Rc)=3000
From
=IC/IB
But =45min,1200max
Common used is100
To get IC choose a bell with resistance
Ic=12v/RC
=12V/3000
=4mA
Choose the transistor with specifications
P,IC,
VBB= R2/(R1+R2)*VCC
But VBB=VBE=0.7V
And VCC=16.6v
0.7/16.6= R2/(R1+R2)
0.042= R2/(R1+R2)
R1=22.8R2
Choose either R1 orR2

CONDITIONS FOR TRANSISTOR AS SWITCH

AT CUT OFF
where IB = 0, also will cause VCE to equal VCC. In cutoff, then,
the BJT is acting like an open switch. No current is flowing.

AT SATURATION
where IC is maximum, causes VCE to be near zero. Since
there is maximum IC, the internal resistance between the
emitter and the collector is very low. In saturation, the BJT is
acting like a closed switch. Maximum current is flowing.

COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

Rectifier
The voltage from the supply is stepped down by the use of ac transformer is
rectified by the bridge rectifier by providing ac voltage to pulsating dc voltage.
The pulsating dc voltage is filtered out to minimize ripples
Filter
In this project a capacitor input filter is used for smoothing out the dc voltage
variation in the output supplied by rectifier. Most of the rectifier output has pulsating
signal which means it has dc value with some ac components called ripple, this
type of output is not useful for driving of circuit or devices which require a very
steady dc output that approaches the smoothness of a rectifier output. The larger
the value of the capacitor in microfarads the lower will be the sum in the output.
Ripple factor () may be defined as the ratio of the root mean square (rms)
value of the ripple voltage to the absolute value of the dc component of the
output voltage, usually expressed as a percentage.
The relationship between the ripple voltage (rms) and filtering capacitor,
Vr (rms)=Vm/43fRC
Where: R=load resistance
Vr (rms)=rms value of ripple voltage (v)
f=supply frequency (Hz)
C=filter capacitor (f)

CONCLUSION
My report which explain the designing a rain detecting circuit and alarm
for drying clothes after succed,It will reduce to much extent the
problems of wetting the clothes caused by rain. Hence it will assure
that no clothes will totally wet which will reduce the problem of
drying clothes without success.

RECOMENDATION
In order to achieve in this approach it is recommended that precise values of all
analyzed components are much required so as to meet accuracy of the system.
It is recommended that replacement of components that are not working should be
equivalent rather than using the different components during the implementation of
this system.
Also due to the fixed of time and lack of adequate reviews it is recommended that for
those who wants to improve the circuit, its open for any one.