EARTHQUAKES

EARTHQUAKES
When ENERGY released
from the moving crustal
plates, the surrounding
rock layer trembles and
shifts. This movements
is called earthquake.

The shifting or movement of the crustal

plates give rise to tectonic
earthquake. When magma moves
along a fissure, they cause the Earths
crust to tremble, too. The magma may
reach the surface and when this
happens, a volcanic eruption occurs.
Earthquakes caused by volcanic
activity are called volcanic
earthquakes.

Epicenter is the point on the

surface of the earth located
directly above the center of an
earthquakes origin. The
center or source of the
earthquake is called focus.

Earthquake
Terminology

What causes
earthquakes?
Elastic Rebound
Sources of stress
Plate Tectonics
Other stresses

When the crust shakes, such tremor

causes damages to people, buildings,
bridges, roads, and vegetation. The
extent damage caused by an
earthquake is called its INTENSITY.
INTENSITY-usually measured in the
rossi-forel scale. This scale ranges
from intensity i-ix. This scale based on
the effect of the tremor on people and
objects.

MAGNITUDE is the amount of energy

released by an earthquake. An
American scientist named Charles F.
Richter developed a scale to indicate
the magnitude of an earthquake.
The RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE that
uses number 1 to 10. The stronger the
earthquake is, the higher the number of
the scale. The more feeble or weaker
earthquake produce a lower magnitude.

Measurement
Magnitude
one per earthquake
related to energy released
Richter or Moment scale

Intensity
many for each
earthquake
measure of
effects
Mercalli scale

Damage: Causes
Ground motion
Duration of
Shaking
Surface Rupture
Poor building
design

Effects
Rupture
Death
Bldg collapse

Effects
Fires
Liquifaction
Landslides

Damage:
Key
Factors

Amount & duration of shaking

Water content of soil
Population concentration
Building construction
Distance from Epicenter
Depth of focus
Direction of rupture
Material amplification

Addressing
the Hazard
Identify areas
at risk
Forecast

Addressing
the Hazard
Structural
adaptations
Warning systems

Scientists have invented a device

that measures the movement of the
earths crust. It is called
seismograph. It can detect and
record the vibrations on the earths
surface.

 A seismograph is
an instrument
used for recording
the intensity and
duration of an
earthquake.

Earthquake Safety Tips

BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE:
Choose a safe place in every room such as under a
sturdy piece of furniture like a table or a desk where
nothing can fall on you.
Practice DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON!
- Drop under something sturdy, hold on, and protect
your eyes by pressing your face against your arm.
Prepare a disaster supplies kit for your home and car.
Include a first aid kit, canned food and a can opener,
bottled water, battery-operated radio, flashlight,
protective clothing and written instructions on how to
turn off electricity, gas, and water.

 DURING AN EARTHQUAKE:
DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON!
Stay indoors until the shaking stops.
Stay away from windows.
If youre in bed, hold on and stay there, protecting
your head with a pillow.
If youre outdoors, find a clear spot away from
buildings, trees and power lines. Then, drop to the
ground.
If youre in a car, slow down and drive to a safe
place. Stay in the car until the shaking stops.

 AFTER THE SHAKING STOPS:

Check for injuries.
Inspect your home for damage.
Eliminate fire hazards, so turn off the gas if you
think its leaking.
Expect aftershocks.
Each time you feel one, DROP, COVER AND HOLD
ON.

EARTHQUAKES
The shaking of the crustal plates
brought about the release of
energy from the earths interior.