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Yulia Suciati
SIKLUS KREBS
FOSFORILASI OKSIDATIF
Ubiquinone-cytochrome c
oxidoreductase (complex III)
Cytochrome c - peripheral protein,
electron carrier
Cytochromes can only accept 1
electron at a time, resulting in Q cycle
2 H+ from 1st Q deposited in
intermembrane space,
1 e- to Cyt c, 1 e- to Qn
2 H+ from 2nd Q deposited
in intermembrane space,
1 e- to Cyt c, 1 e- to Qn
Qn with 2 e- takes 2 H+
from matrix.
Cytochrome c
oxidase
catalyzes reduction of
molecular oxygen
13 subunits
Four protons translocated for
each O2 reduced
Accumulates 4 electrons (Cu+, Fe2+)
for complete reduction before
releasing products or toxic partiallyreduced products
O2 + 4 e- + 4 H+ --> 2 H2O occurs
in matrix, thus removing 4 H+
Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis - Movement of protons from high (IMS) to
low
conc (matrix) used to drive ATP synthesis
electrochemical gradient - electrical and chemical
potential
Electron transport drives generation of H+ gradient
+0.14V electrical potential
1.4 pH unit difference
G=~21 kJ/mole H+
H+ gradient drives
ATP synthesis
inner mitochondrial
membrane
ATP synthase
ATP Synthase
small molecule
shuttles
molecules must be transported to and
from matrix
ATP-ADP translocase exports ATP, imports
ADP - movement of more negative ATP
from matrix dissipates electrical potential
across membrane, weakening gradient by
1 H +.
Phosphate translocase uses 1 H+.
cytosolic NADH
DHAP is reduced by NADH to
Glycerol-3-P in muscle
Electrons passed through FAD to Q
is less efficient, but allows transport
against large NADH gradient
malate-aspartate shuttle
malate-aspartate shuttle used in heart, liver,
kidney to transfer cytosolic reducing
equivalents to matrix
No loss in ATP
generation (2.5 ATP
per pair of electrons)
http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/emarcotte/ch339k/fall2005/Lecture-Ch19-2/Slide14.JPG
ATP yield/glucose
2 ATP - Glycolysis
3-5 ATP from 2 FADH from 2 NADH from
glycolysis
5 ATP from 2 NADH from transition reaction
15 ATP from 6 NADH from TCA cycle
2 ATP from 2 GTP from TCA cycle
3 ATP from 2 FADH from TCA cycle
30-32 ATP from complete oxidation of
glucose
Inhibitors
Electron flow can be
inhibited by POISONS
Useful in lab to control
entry and exit points for
electron transport studies
Proton gradients are
dissipated by DNP & FCCP,
inhibiting ATP synthesis
Thermogenin in brown
adipose tissue dissipates
proton gradient to
generate heat
Uncoupling
proteins
(UCP)
= separate
RCH from ATP
synthesis
(the synthesis is
interrupted)
energy from H+
gradient is released
as a heat
The figure is found at http://departments.oxy.edu/biology/Franck/Bio222/Lectures/March23_lecture_shuttles.htm (December 2006)
SEMOGA BERMANFAAT
YS 2011