Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 1:
Introduction to
Electric Circuit
AUTHORS:
AMINAH BINTI OTHMAN
JAAFAR BIN SURADI
JUNAIDA BINTI SHAARI
ZULKURNAIN BIN ABDUL
COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOME
1. Apply the concept and principles of DC
electrical circuit using different method
and approach. (C3, PLO1)
2. Solve DC circuit problems using
appropriate DC electrical laws and
theorems. (C3, PLO2)
3. Conduct the laboratory activities of DC
electrical circuit using appropriate
electrical equipment. (P4, PLO5)
4. Demonstrate ability to work in team to
complete assigned task during practical
work sessions. (A3, PLO11)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
TITLE
INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
AND NETWORK
THEOREMS
CAPACITORS AND
CAPACITANCE
INDUCTORS AND
INDUCTANCE
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT,
ELECTROMAGNETISM
AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
RTA
08:12
08:10
05:00
05:04
04:04
LEARNING OUTCOME (2
Hours)
resistor
G
galvanometer
ground/earth
switch
AC supply
inductor
capacitor
voltmeter
ammeter
Cell
A single unit of a primary or
secondary battery that converts
chemical energy into electric energy.
Battery
A battery is a series of two or more
connected cells, which changes
chemical energy into electrical
energy.
Total e.m.f., ET = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4
= 2.0 + 2.0 + 2.0 + 2.0
= 8V
Series-Parallel Connection
Cells
Series-Parallel Connection
Cells
Example 1.3
Calculate total e.m.f. of the circuit
below
Example 1.4
Calculate total e.m.f. of the circuit
below
Total e.m.f., ET = E1 + E2
=8+6
= 14V
Example 1.5
Calculate total e.m.f. of the circuit
below
Total e.m.f., ET = E1 + E2
=8-6
= 2V
SELF-EXERCISE
QUESTION: Calculate total e.m.f. of each cells connection as
follow.
i)
5V
11V
4V
A
Answer: 20V
ANSWER
44V
ii)
44V
B
A
44V
Answer: 44V
ANSWER
SELF-EXERCISE
QUESTION: Calculate total e.m.f. of each cells connection as
follow.
iii)
4V
B
3V
2V
5V
6V
A
Answer: 7V
ANSWER
Answer: 120V
ANSWER
1V
iv)
4V
4V
4V
A
30 cells
SELF-EXERCISE
QUESTION: Calculate total e.m.f. of each cells connection as
follow.
v)
14V
B
20 cells
14V
Answer: 14V
ANSWER
14V
5V 5V
5V
vi)
B
5V
5V
5V
5V
5V
5V
Answer: 50V
10 cells
ANSWER
LEARNING OUTCOME (1
Hour)
1.3 Know
electric current and quantity of electricity.
1.3.1 State the definition of electric current.
1.3.2 State the unit of charge.
1.3.3 Indicate charge or quantity of electricity Q
from Q=It.
1.4 Know the main effects of electric current.
1.4.1 Identify the three main effects of electric
current,
giving practical examples of
each.
1.5 Understand resistance and resistivity
1.5.1 Explain that electrical resistance depends on
four
factors.
Electric current, I
Current: - motion of charge
- depends on the rate of flow of
charge
- electric fluid
- unit of current is ampere (A)
Equation:
dq = changing of charge
I = dt = changing of time
I = current (ampere)
For steady state condition:
Q = charge (coulomb)
I = , thus Q = It t = time (second)
Electric current, I
Example 1.6
If a current of 5 A flows for 2 minutes,
find the charge transferred.
Q = It = 5 x 2 x 60 = 600 C
R = [Unit = ]
R = resistance []
l = Length [m]
A = Cross-sectional area [m2]
= resistivity [.m]
1.7
Calculate resistance of a 5m long
conductor if it has cross sectional area
and resistivity .m
Resistance, R= =
= 1.5
Resistor (R)
Resistor (R)
Different examples of resistors
SELF-EXERCISE
i)
LEARNING OUTCOME (1
Hour)
1.6 Understand Ohms Law.
1.6.1 Explain Ohms Law.
1.6.2 Outline the procedure adopted when using
Ohms Law
1.7 Apply Ohms Law in circuit.
1.7.1 Construct circuit to explain Ohms Law.
1.7.2 Use Ohms Law to find current, voltage and
resistance in
a circuit.
.
Ohms Law
Ohms Law states that the current (I)
I=
V = IR
V I=
I
R
R=
Simple Circuit
E = E.M.F. (Electromotive force)
Current =
I=
Simple Circuit
V drop = Voltage drop
--------------------------- appears when current, I flows
through resistor,R.
- Inverse polarity from E
V drop = IR
Simple Circuit
A complete circuit should consist of at
least 1 electricity source (battery) and 1
load (resistor)
I
+
Source
Load
Simple Circuit
A complete circuit should consist of at
least 1 electricity source (battery) and 1
load (resistor)
I
+
E
Source
Vd
-
Load
Simple Circuit
A complete circuit should consist of at
least 1 electricity source (battery) and 1
load (resistor)
I
+
E
Source
Vd
-
Load
10
15V
-
Vdrop
-
10
15V
-
Vdrop
-
i) Current, I = = = 1.5A
SELF-EXERCISE
A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and
causes a current of 5 mA to flow. Determine the
resistance of the resistor. If the voltage is now
reduced to 25 V, what will be the new value of the
current flowing?
RANSWER
= 20k
I =ANSWER
1.25mA
LEARNING OUTCOME
(2 Hours)
LEARNING OUTCOME
Hours)
1.9 Apply (2
series,
parallel and series-parallel connections to dc
circuit.
1.9.1 Construct a series connection circuit
1.9.2 Calculate the flow of current and voltage division in
the series
circuit.
1.9.3 Construct a parallel circuit.
1.9.4 Calculate the voltage drop and the current division in
the
parallel circuit.
1.9.5 Construct a series-parallel connection circuit.
1.9.6 Calculate the equivalent resistance in series and
parallel
circuits.
1.9.7 Calculate the total resistance for the combination of
series and
parallel circuit.
1.9.8 Use of voltage divider in series circuit and use of
current divider
in parallel circuit.
Series Circuit
Is formed when any number of
devices are connected end-to-end so
that there is only one path for current
to flow.
Series Circuit
Characteristics
Series Circuit
Characteristics
1. Resistances are additive
RT = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
2. The current flows throughout the circuit is same.
I = IR1 = IR2 = IR3
3. Different resistors have their individual voltage drop
VR1 VR2 VR3
4. Total e.m.f equals to the sum of voltage drops across
each resistor
E = VR1 + VR2 + VR3
Equivalent resistance in
series
RT = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
Applicable to any means of resistors.
Standard equation of series connection
resistors.
Equ.
1
RT = r x n
Equ.
2
r = resistance value
n = amount of resistors
VR1 = x E
15V
i) Rtotal = 4 + 6 + 8
= 18
8
15V
ii) I = = = 0.833A
VR2 = x E = x 15 = 5V
use VDR
Parallel Circuit
Is formed when two or more devices
are arranged in a circuit side by side
so that current can flow through
more than one path
Parallel Circuit
Characteristic
Parallel Circuit
Characteristic
1.
Total
resistance can be determined from:
RT =
2. Different resistors have their individual current.
IR1 IR2 IR3
3. Same voltage acts across all parts of the circuit
E = VR1 = VR2 = VR3
4. Supplied current equals to the sum of different current flows
through each resistor.
I = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
Equivalent resistance in
parallel
RT =
Equ.
1
RT =
Equ.
2
RT =
Equ.
3
r = resistance value
n = amount of resistors
IR1 = x I
Equ.
1
IR1 = x I
Equ.
2
20V
20V
8
ii) I = = = 10.83A
CDR
IR1 = x I = x 10.83 = 5A
Series-Parallel Circuit
reference
point
Rb =
RT = Ra + Rb
10
10
4
3
8
RT
10
10
4
3
8
RT
Ra
Ra = 4 + 8 = 12
10
10
4
Ra
12
8
RT
Ra = 4 + 8 = 12
Ra
RT
10
10
12
Rb
Step 2: Identify the farthest part from ref. point and calculate the
total resistance.
Rb = 5 + 6 = 11
Ra
RT
10
10
12
Rb
6
11
Step 2: Identify the farthest part from ref. point and calculate the
total resistance.
Rb = 5 + 6 = 11
10
10
Ra
RT
12
Rb
11
Rc
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Rc = = 2.36
10
10
Ra
RT
12
Rc
3
2.36
Rb
11
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Rc = = 2.36
10
10
Ra
RT
12
Rc
2.36
Rd
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Rd = 10 + 2.36= 12.36
10
10
Ra
RT
12
Rd
Rc
12.36
2.36
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Rd = 10 + 2.36= 12.36
10
Ra
RT
12
Rd
12.36
9 R
e
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Re = = 6.09
10
ReRa 6.09
12
RT
Rd
12.36
Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
Re = = 6.09
10
Re
RT
6.09
RT = 10 + 6.09 + 9 = 25.09
10k
3k
6k
3k
9k
Ra
3k
3k
6k
Ra = 3k + 3k = 6k
9k
B
Ra
3k 6k3k
6k
Ra = 3k + 3k = 6k
9k
B
6k
6k
Rb
Rb = = 2k
9k
B
2k
6k
6k
Rb
Rb = = 2k
9k
B
10k
2k
9k
RT = 10k + 2k + 9k = 21k
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
Example 1.14
QUESTION: By referring to the circuit above,
calculate:
i) Equivalent resistance of the circuit, Rtotal
ii) Current from supply, Is
iii)Current through resistor 18k
4k
iv)Voltage drop
across
resistor 8k,
Is
2k
20V
+
-
8k
18k
20k
6k
Is
20V
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
i) R
+
-
8k
18k
20k
Rtotal
total Calculation
4k
2k
6k
Ra
Ra = 4k + 8k + 6k = 18k
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
i) R
total Calculation
4k
2k
18k
20k
Ra
18k
8k
6k
Rtotal
Ra = 4k + 8k + 6k = 18k
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
i) R
total Calculation
2k
18k
Ra
20k
Rtotal
Rb
Rb = = 9k
18k
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
i) R
total Calculation
2k
Rb
18k
9k
Ra
20k
Rtotal
Rb = = 9k
18k
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
i) R
total Calculation
2k
RRtotal
b
31k
9k
20k
Is
20V
+
-
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
ii) I
s Calculation
Rtotal
31k
Is = = = 645.16 A
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
ii) I
645.16A
18 Calculation
4k
2k
I18
20V
+
-
8k
18k
20k
6k
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
ii) I
645.16A
18 Calculation
4k
2k
I18
20V
+
-
Ra
18k
20k
18k
8k
6k
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
ii) V
2k
645.16A
4k
322.58A
20V
+
-
18k
20k
6k
8 Calculation
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
ii) V
2k
645.16A
322.58A
20V
+
-
18k
20k
8 Calculation
4k
+
V8
6k
SELF-EXERCISE
Find the value of the total resistance, current from
supply and voltage drop across resistor 90 in the
diagram as below
4
22
= 24.5
ANSWER
90
50V
8
IANSWER
= 2.041A
ANSWER
= 45.92V
LEARNING OUTCOME
1.10 Understand DeltaStar transformation.
1.10.1 Express formula required to transform from
Delta to Star
and Star to Delta
1.10.2 Illustrate circuits to show star and delta
connections.
1.10.3 Explain steps to solve problems involving StarDelta
transformation.
1.11 Apply the concept of DeltaStar transformation.
1.11.1 Construct circuits to show star and delta
connections.
1.11.2 Solve problems involving Star-Delta
transformation.
1.12 Understand electrical power and energy.
Delta-Star Transformation
Standard
3-phase
circuits
or
networks take on two major forms
with names that represent the way in
which the resistances are connected,
a Star connected network which has
the symbol of the letter, (wye) and
a Delta connected network which
has the symbol of a triangle,
(delta).
Delta-Star Transformation
a
Ra
R1
R3
Rc
Rb
b
R2
c
Ra =
Rb =
Rc =
Star-Delta Transformation
a
Ra
R1
R3
Rc
Rb
b
R2
c
R1 =
R2 =
R3 =
Delta-Star (Example)
Example 1.15
Calculate the total resistance, Rxy of the circuit
below.
4
x
12
y
6
8
10
Rxy
Delta-Star (Example)
4
x
12
Rc
Ra
6
Rb
Convert
10
---
Ra = = 1.78
Rc = = 1.33
Rb = = 2.67
Delta-Star (Example)
Rd
12
1.33
1.78
2.67
Re
10
Delta-Star (Example)
13.33
Rd
12
1.33
1.78
2.67
Re
10
12.67
Delta-Star (Example)
Rf
13.33
1.78
12.67
Rf = = 6.5
Delta-Star (Example)
13.33
1.78
6.5
12.67
P=
P = I2R
Equ.2
Equ.3
20V
25
15
i)
IT
RT = 15 + 25 = 40
20V
25
IT = = = 0.5A
Use Equ. 1:
0.5A
20V
25
Use Equ. 3:
0.5A
20V
25
0.5A
20V
25
Energy,
W = P*t = I2*R*t = 0.52 x 15 x 2 x 60 x 60 = 27 kJ
SELF-EXERCISE
i)
ANSWE
5.71k
R
ANSWE
22.86k
R
SELF-EXERCISE
ii) With refer to the diagram as below, calculate
power that supplied by the battery and power
dissipation at resistor 40k.
Ps
= 4.8mW
ANSWER
=ANSWER
1.6mW
RECAP
Cell and battery are sources of DC
type of electricity.
Voltage, current and resistance are
recognized as three basic elements of
electrical circuit which contribute in
Ohms Law.
Electrical circuit can be constructed in
series, parallel and combination of
series-parallel connection.
Star-Delta transformation technique is
required to analyze network that
involve Star/Delta connection.
Power and Energy is the product of
voltage and current elements of a
REFERENCES
Main:
John Bird (2010). Electrical Circuit Theory &
Technology. Fourth Edition. Newness. (ISBN:
978-0-08-089056-2)
Additional:
1. Allan R. Hambley (2011). Electrical Engineering,
Principles and Applications, Fifth Edition.
Prentice Hall. (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-213006-6)
2. B.L. Theraja (2010).Textbook of Electrical
Technology .S Chand & Co Ltd. (ISBN: 9788121924900)
REFERENCES
3. Darren Ashby (2011). Electrical Engineering
101, (3rd Ed ) [Paperback] Elsevier Inc. (ISBN:
978-0123860019)
4. John Bird. (2010). Electrical And Electronic
Principles And Technology. Fourth Edition.
Newness. (ISBN: 978-1-85617-770-2)
5. Meizhong Wang. (2010). Understandable
Electric Circuits First edition 2005 Higher
Education Press, China, English translation
2010 The Institution of Engineering and
Technology. (ISBN 978-0-86341-952-2)
6. V. K. Mehta (2010). Principles of Electrical
Engineering and Electrical [Paperback] S Chand
& Co Ltd. (ISBN: 978-8121927291)