Introductin SDHPDH

INTRODUCTION PDH
& SDH
On Job Training July 2006
PT Indonesia Comnets Plus
Agenda
Pre SDH (PDH)

SDH
The SDH Frame
Frame Structure
Overhead and Payload

Analysis
Tributary Units
SDH Network
Protection
On Job Training, July 2006

Plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy

Multiplexing hierarchy
The PDH high capacity transmission

networks are based on a hierarchy of
digital multiplexed signals: E.1 to E.4.
The basic building block is the primary
rate of 2.048 Mb/s (E.1). This could be
made up of 30 x 64 Kb/s voice channels.
This would then be multiplexed up to a
higher rate for high capacity transmisson.
Four signals at the primary rate can be

multiplexed up to the secondary rate,
E.2, of 8.448 Mb/s and so on up to a rate
of 139 Mb/s (E.4).
Thus the 139 Mb/s rate represents 64 x
2.048 Mb/s signals and 1920 multiplexed
voice channels.

Developing networks
The plesynchronous multiplexing

technology, often called PDH
(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), left
no room in the signal structures for
network management and maintenance
functions.
We are therefore left with no spare signal
capacity to provide improvements in the
signal transmission.
As networks developed inter-connection

became increasingly complex. It required
banks of multiplexers and large,
unreliable distribution frames.
It became clear that the original
standards, designed for point-to-point
links, were just not suitable.


Tributary access
We want to have easy access to an

individual tributary, in order that it may be
re-routed.
We cannot do this without having to
demultiplex the whole signal down to the
required tributary level.
Costs go up as we demultiplex, and they
then double because we have to remultiplex the signal back up again.
No commont standard
Before SDH there were no standards to ensure

that equipment from different vendors
interworked on the same system.
Vendors can have their own unique designs
which means we have to buy the same
vendors equipment for both ends of the line.
Ideally we would like to shop around for the
most suitable equipment, without having to
keep to the same supplier.
What we need
Network operating companies have to

provide faster, cost effective provisioning
of customer circuits and services, as well
as control of transmission bandwidth.

SDH Definition
SDH is a standard for high speed high

capacity optical telecommunication
networks ; more spesifically a
synchronous digital hierarchy.
It is a synchronous digital transport
system aimed at providing a more
simple, economic and flexible
telecommunications network
infrastructure.
Advantages of SDH
Designed for cost effective, flexible

telecoms networking based on direct
synchronous multiplexing.
Provides built-in signal capacity for
advanced network management and
maintenance capabilities.

Provides flexible signal transportation

capabilities designed for existing and
future signals.
Allows a single telecommunication
network infrastructure interconnects
network equipment from different
vendors

Where is SDH used ?
SDH can be used in all of the traditional

network application areas.
A single SDH network infrastructure is
therefore possible which provides an
efficient direct interconnection between
the three major telecommunication
networks.

Notes on SDH rates
The most common SDH line rates in use

today are 155.52 Mbps, 622.08 Mbps,
2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps.
SDH is a structure that is designed for
the future, ensuring that higher line rates
can be added when required.

SDH signal structure
The SDH signal is transported as a

synchronous structure which comprises
a set of 8-bit bytes organised into a two
dimensional frame.
The Truck analogy is a popular way to
help us understand the contents of the
SDH frame.

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE
Tractor
Unit
TRUCK ANALOGY
Payload
Unit

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

TRUCK ANALOGY contd.
Regenerator
Section
OverHead
Section
Overhead
Multiplexer
Section
OverHead
Virtual Container
Payload
Payload
OverHead

The Payload
The contents of the container carried by

the truck represent the real value.
This Payload is analogous to customer
traffic, being carried by the container
within an SDH frame.
This Payload container supports the
transportation of spesific tributary
signals.
The Section Overhead
What actually gets the contentsof the truck

to its destination is the tractor unit.
This analogous to the network
maintenance and management capability
carried by the SDH frame, known as its
Section OverHead, or SOH.

The Section Overhead (SOH) provides

facilities that are required to support and
maintain the transportation of customer
traffic Safely across the network.
THE SOH is split into Multiplexer Section
Overhead (MSOH) and Regenerator
Section Overhead (RSOH).

The Virtual Container
Even if the container is loaded on to a

different truck, there is a portion of
overhead that always remains with it.
This is known as the Path OverHead, or
POH.
The Path Overhead is directly associated
with the payload capacity area, and
together they form whats known as the
Virtual Container.
SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

STM-N FRAME STRUCTURE
270 x N Columns
9 Rows
= 8 bits/byte
261 x N Columns
9 x N Columns
SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

signal frame transmission
The principle for SDH signal frame transmission is: the bytes (8-bit)
within the frame structure is transmitted byte-by-byte (bit-by-bit) from
left to right and from top to bottom. After one row is transmitted, the
next row will follow. After one frame is completed, the next frame will
start

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

SDH Rate
ITU-T defines the frequency to be 8000 frames per second for all
levels in STM hierarchy
STM-1 Rate :
9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 155.52 Mb/s
STM-4 Rate :
9 rows x (270 x 4) columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second
= 622 Mb/s

OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
MSOH
RSOH
POH
MSOH
RSOH
RSOH

OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD
Path Trace message
Parity check
VC structure
Alarm & performance info
User channel
Multiframe indication for TUs
Path protection switching

OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD contd.
J1 : Path Trace byte

B3: Path BIP8 Code
H4: TU position indicator byte
K3: Spare byte
N1: Network operator byte
C2: Signal label byte

G1: Path status byte
F2, F3: Path user channels
bytes
SDH Multiplexing
Structure
1
Mapping
AUG-64
STM-64
Aligning
STM-16
Multiplexing
AUG-16
Pointer processing
4
STM-4
AUG-4
4
1
STM-1
1
AU-4
AUG-1
VC-4
C-4
139264 kbit/s
TUG-3
Go to glossary
TU-3
VC-3
C-3
34368 kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2048 kbit/s
TUG-2

SDH Tributary
Multiplexing
(34M)
34 Mbit/s to STM-N
VC3
C3
1 1
34M
Rate
Adaptation
Packing
Add POH
P
O
H
Next
page
9
1
125s
84
9
Mapping 1
125s

85
SDH Tributary
Multiplexing (34M)
TU-3
1
H1
H2
H3
TUG-3
86
Fill
gap
1st
align
9
Aligning
86
Stuffing
261
P
O
R R
H
3
R
9
1 H1
H2
H3
VC-4
9
Multiplexing
Multiplexing route: 1X34M 1XTU-3 3XTUG-3 1XAU-4---One STM-1 can load three
34Mbit/s signals

Same as
for C4
SDH Tributary
Multiplexing
(2M)
2 Mbit/s to STM-N
1
POH
1
4
1
2M
Rate
Adaptation
1
1
Add
POH
9
Packing
TU12
VC12
C12
125s
1
Add
Pointer
9
Mapping
Aligning

Next
page
9
TU-PTR
SDH Tributary
Multiplexing (2M)
TUG-3
TUG-2
86
12
1
1
7
R R
9
Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Multiplexing route: 1X2M 3XTU12 7XTUG-2

3XTUG-3 1XSTM-1--- One STM-1 can load 3X7X3
= 63X2M Signals
Multiplexing structure: 3-7-3 structure
Same
as for
C3

The traffic shares the same

equipment and link
SDH Network protection

B
Bidirectional Traffic
Traffic flow direction

along the ring
Clockwise or counterclockwis
Unidirectional
Traffic
Traffic flow direction along the ring
a) Uniformly
routed
Clockwise and
counter-clockwise
The traffic shares the same

equipment and link
The traffic is on
different equipment
and links
a) Uniformly routed

T1516670-94
b) Diversely routed
Difference between Path and

Multiplex Section
Multiplex section
Physical Layer
Path
e.g. Optical fiber

1+1 Linear MS Protection
Protection mechanism of 1+1linear MS

protection system:
Concurrent sending is permanent bridging

Selective
receiving is switching
selective receiving
selective receiving
switch
concurrent
sending
concurrent
sending
switch
TU traffic
TU traffic
1:N Linear MS Protection
Structure of 1:N Linear MS Protection

A
B
Protection section (Transmit)
Protection section (Receive)
Working section 1(Transmit)
Working section 1(Receive)
Working section 2(Transmit)
Working section 2(Receive)
Working section N(Transmit)
Working section N(Receive)
Bridging
Selector
Selector
Bridging
1:1 Linear MS Protection
Protection mechanism of 1:1 linear MS

protection system:
Traffic flow after protection switching

Working
switch
switch
Protection
TU traffic
TU traffic

Two-fiber uni-directional path

protection ring
Protection switching mechanism:

Switching criteria
Transmission quality of each individual channel
Usually TU-AIS, TU-LOP alarms
S1
P1
D
C
switch
Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex

Section Shared Protection Ring
Traffic flow when network is broken:

Working channels=1-N/2 AU4
Protection channesl=N/2-N AU4

Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex

APS controller:
Transition of APS controller status:

Four-fiber bidirectional Multiplex

Structure:
Four fibers
Working channels--S1,S2, carry normal traffic
Protection channels--P1,P2, protect normal traffic
CA
AC
S1
P1
S2
P2
D
C
P2
S2
P1
S1
CA
AC

SubNetwork Connection
Protection
Description:
Protection one SubNetwork Connection

Can be adapted to all networks

Protection
Normal condition for unidirectional

SNCP:
Concurrent sending (transmit end)

Selective receiving (receive end)

Protection
Failure in working channels for unidirectional

SNCP:
Concurrent sending (transmit end)
Selective receiving (receive end)

Protection
Protection Restoration:
Restoration time - 10 minutes (5-12 minutes)
S1
S1
P1
P1
D
C
A
D
B
C
switch



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INTRODUCTION PDH

Pre SDH (PDH)

Overhead and Payload

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

The PDH high capacity transmission

Four signals at the primary rate can be

On Job Training, July 2006

The plesynchronous multiplexing

As networks developed inter-connection

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

We want to have easy access to an

Before SDH there were no standards to ensure

Network operating companies have to

On Job Training, July 2006

SDH is a standard for high speed high

Designed for cost effective, flexible

On Job Training, July 2006

Provides flexible signal transportation

On Job Training, July 2006

Where is SDH used ?

SDH can be used in all of the traditional

On Job Training, July 2006

Notes on SDH rates

The most common SDH line rates in use

On Job Training, July 2006

SDH signal structure

The SDH signal is transported as a

On Job Training, July 2006

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

On Job Training, July 2006

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

On Job Training, July 2006

The contents of the container carried by

The Section Overhead

What actually gets the contentsof the truck

On Job Training, July 2006

The Section Overhead (SOH) provides

On Job Training, July 2006

The Virtual Container

Even if the container is loaded on to a

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

On Job Training, July 2006

SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

J1 : Path Trace byte

C2: Signal label byte

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

On Job Training, July 2006

Multiplexing route: 1X2M 3XTU12 7XTUG-2

On Job Training, July 2006

The traffic shares the same

SDH Network protection

Traffic flow direction

Traffic flow direction along the ring

The traffic shares the same