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Structural Design
Civil Engineering Department
2010
V(x)
M(x)
tw
tw
tw
Fy
h 2550
tw
Fy
Beams
Plate girder
For beams, the basic relationship between load effects and strength can be
written as
M u b .M n
where
Mu= controlling combination of factored load moments
b= resistance factor for beams =0.90
Mn= nominal moment strength
The design strength b. Mn is sometimes called the design moment.
fb
M .y
Ix
B
(a)
M
V
RA
c
x
tw
h x
(b)
M .c
M
M
Ix
Ix
Sx
c
where c is the perpendicular distance from thr neutral axis to the extreme
fiber,
Sx is the elastic section modulus of the cross section.
The two above equation are valid as long as loads are small enough so that
the material remains within its linear elastic range.
For structural steel if the maximum stress, this means that fmax must not
exceed Fy, and the bending moment must not exceed
M y Fy .S x
Bending Mom
ent
f<
Fy
A
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
B
f=
Fy
B
f=
Fy
B
f=
Fy
B
M
om
ent
M
p
A
Fy
tw
C
=
Ac.Fy
a
Plastic neutral axis
Fy
T=
At.Fy
C T
Ac .Fy At .Fy
Ac At
where
A= total cross-sectional area, mm2
a= distance between the centroids of the half-areas, mm
Z=(A/2)a= plastic section modulus, mm3
Mn M p
Otherwise, Mn will be less than Mp.
As with a compression member, instability can be overall sense or it can be
local.
Bending Mom
ent
(a)
(b)
(a)
M
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ing.mpg
(b)
M
M
Load
C
L
5
BendingMoment
4
First
yield
1
(a)
(b)
C
LDeflection
Flange
bf
170
Fy
2t f
r
370
Fy 70
h
640
970
Web
tw
Fy
Fy
_____________________________________________________________________
For hot-rolled I- and H-shapes
Fy dalam MPa
Compact shape
p r
Noncompact shape
Slender shape
For compact beams, laterally supported, AISC F1.1 gives the nominal
strength as
Mn M p
where
M p Fy .Z 1.5M y
The limit of 1.5My for Mp is to prevent excessive load deformations
and is satisfied when
Fy .Z 1.5 Fy .S
or
Z
1.5
S
Lb
A
B
Lb
Mn
Mp
Compact
shapes
Mr
No
Inelastic
Elastic
Instability
LTB
LTB
Lb
Lb L p
Mn M p
No instability
L p Lb Lr M n Cb [ M p ( M p M r )(
Lb Lr
Lb L p
Lr L p
)]
.E 2
M n Cb
E.I y .G.J (
) .I y .Cw
Lb
Lb
where
Lb= unbraced length (mm)
G= shear modulus = 80,000 MPa for structural steel
J= torsional constant (mm4)
Cw= warping constant (mm6).
Mr ( Fy Fr ) Sx
Inelastic LTB
Elastic LTB
ry. X 1
1 1 X 2 ( Fy Fr ) 2
( Fy Fr )
X1
Sx
X2
E.G.J . A
2
4C w S x 2
(
)
I y G.J
Lp
787ry
Fy
Lb=L
Lb=L/2
Cb=1.14
(a)
Cb=1.30
(b)
L/2
Lb=L/2
Cb=1.67
Lb=L
Cb=1.32
(c)
M1
(d)
M2=M1
Lb=L
Cb=2.27
(e)
Lateral restraint
a
ABand CD: Cb=1.67
Bc:
Cb=1.00
(f)
If , p r
and:
p
M n M p ( M p M r )(
)
r p
bf
2t f
170
Fy
370
Fy Fr
M r ( Fy Fr ) S x
Fr residual stress 70
x
L
V
M
(b)
(c)
V
fv
(d)
fv
where
V .Q
I .t
y
d
tw
V/Aw
fv
Vn 0.60 Fy . Aw
This will be the nominal shear strength provided there is no shear buckling
of the web, for
h / t w 1100
Fy
Where
Aw= area of the web = d.tw, mm2
d = overall depth of the beam, mm
For ,
h / t w 1100
Fy
Vn 0.60 Fy . Aw
For ,
Fy h t w 1370
1100
Vn 0,60 Fy . Aw
Fy
1100
h tw
Fy h t w 260 the limit state is elastic web buckling :
For , 1370
Vn
904,000 Aw
(h t w ) 2
where
Aw= area of the web =d.tw, mm2
d = overall depth of the beam, mm
Vn
0.60Fy.Aw
1100 Fy
0.60Fy.Aw----------h/tw
904000Aw
(h/tw)2
h/tw
A
h
C
tw
Figure 6.18
AISC J4.3, Block Shear Rupture Strength, gives two equations for
the block shear design strength:
Rn [0.60 Fy . Agv Fu . Ant ]
where
0.75
For the common case of simply supported, uniformly loaded beam such
as that in Figure 6.20, the maximum vertical deflection is given by
5 w.L4
384 EI
w
A
B
=
L
5 wL
384 EI
L
300
L
240
L
180
Beam design entails the selection of cross-sectional shape that will have enough strength and
will meet the serviceability requirements. The design procedure can be outlined as follows:
1. Model the structure; define superimposed dead load and live load.
2. Compute the factored load moment Mu. The weight of the beam is part of the dead load
but is unknown at this point. A value may be assumed, or the weight may be ignored
initially and checked after a shape has been selected.
3. Select a shape that satisfies this strength requirement. This can be done in one of two
ways:
a. Assume a shape, compute the design strength, and compare it with the factored load
moment. Revise if necessary. The trial shape can be easily selected in only a limited
number of situations.
b. Use the beam design charts in Part 3 of the manual.
4. Check the shear strength.
5. Check the deflection.
A
RA
B
(a)
x
t
tw
B
(b)
h x
(c)
A
RA
k
N
tw
k
R
Rn (2.5k N ) Fy .t w
At the interior load, the nominal strength:
Rn (5k N ) Fy .t w
The design strength is ,
Rn
where
1.0.
tw
N
Rn 358t w 1 3
d t f
Fy .t f
tw
1.5
For a load at or near the support (no greater than half the beam depth from
the end), the nominal strength is
Rn 179t 1 3
2
w
N t w
d t f
Fy .t f
tw
1. 5
for
N
0.2
d
or
tw
N
Rn 179t w 1 4 0.2
d
t f
Fy .t f
tw
1.5
for
0.75
N
0.2
d
If the plate covers the full area of the support, the nominal strength
is
Pp 0.85 f c '.A1
If the plate does not cover the full area of the support,
Pp 0.85 f c '.A1 A2 A1
where
A2 A1 2
fc= 28-day compressive strength of concrete, MPa
A1= bearing area, mm2
A2= full area of support, mm2
A
RA
tw
n kk n
B
1"
Figure 6.35
Bearing Plate
From Figure 6.36, the maximum bending moment in the plate per 1 width is
Ru
n Ru .n 2
Mu
n
B.N
2 2 B.N
Fy
C=Fy(1xt/2)
t t
t2
M p Fy 1 Fy
2 2
4
Since
b M p M u
t2
0.90 Fy . M u
4
2.222 Ru .n 2
t
B.N .Fy
t
Plastic neutral axis
T=Fy(1xt/2)
Fy
1"