CHAPTER 13(16)

ACID BASE
EQUILIBRIA

Contents
Definition of Acid and Base :
Arrhenius
Brnsted-Lowry , conjugate acid-base pairs
Lewis

Strength of Acid and Base :

Strong acid weak acid
Strong base weak base

Ionization of Acid and Base

Concepts of pH, pOH, pKa, pKb
Dissociation Constant : Ka, Kb, Kw

Learning Outcomes
Able to differentiate and calculate acid
dissociation constants for weak and strong
acids (applicable to bases)
Calculate pH and pOH

Arrhenius Definition
Acid

Base

a substance that contains

hydrogen and
dissociates(ionizes) in water
to yield H3O+
a substance that contains the
hydroxyl group and
dissociates in water to yield
OH-

Arrhenius base contains significant OH- ion

Arrhenius acid never contains H+ ion, instead it contains
H atom covalently bonded that ionize in water
E.g: Arrhenius acid HCl, HNO3 , HCN
E.g: Arrhenius base NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2

Arrhenius Definition
Whenever an acid dissociates (ionizes) in water,
solvent molecules participate in the reaction
HA (g or aq) + H2O(l) A- (aq) + H3O+(aq)
The H3O+ is
called
hydronium ion
The terms hydrogen
ion = proton = H+
are used
interchangeably

Arrhenius Definition
Strong acids: dissociate/ionize completely
into ions in water.
Eg:HNO3

(aq)+ H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

Weak acids: dissociate/ionize very slightly

into ions in water.
Eg:

HCN(aq) + H2O (l) H3O+(aq) + CN- (aq)

This classification correlates with

classification of electrolytes:

strong electrolytes dissociate/ionize completely,

and
weak electrolytes dissociate/ionize partially.

Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition

proton

Acid

donor.
Any species that donates an
H+ such as HCl, HNO3, H3PO4
All

Arrhenius acids are

Brnsted-Lowry acids
proton

Base

acceptor.
Any species that accepts an H+,
must contain lone pair of electrons
to bind the H+, such as NH3, CO32-, Fand OHBrnsted-Lowry bases are not
Arrhenius bases, but all Arrhenius
bases contain Brnsted-Lowry base
OH-. -

Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition

HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

HCl acts as a Brnsted-Lowry acid ( it donates a
proton to H2O)
H2O acts as a Brnsted-Lowry base ( it accepts a
proton from HCl)

Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) +OH-(aq)

H2O acts as an acid, it donates the H+
NH3 acts as a base, it accepts H+.
Thus, H2O is ampotheric: it acts as a base in
one case and as an acid in the other.

Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base Definition

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) +OH-(aq)

Example
Determine acid and base in the following reactions:
1. HCO3- (aq) + HF (aq) H2CO3 (aq) + F- (aq)
2. HCO3- (aq) + OH- (aq) CO32- (aq) + H2O (aq)
3. SO32- (aq) + NH4+ (aq) HSO3- (aq) + NH3 (aq)
4. HSO3- (aq) + NH3 (aq) SO32- (aq) + NH4+ (aq)

Answer
Acid

Base

1.

HF (aq)

HCO3- (aq)

2.

HCO3- (aq)

OH- (aq)

3.

NH4+ (aq)

SO32- (aq)

4.

HSO3- (aq)

NH3 (aq)

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Consider the reaction of acid HA:
HA (aq) + H2O(l) A-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Forward reaction: HA is the acid, H2O is the base
Reverse reaction: H3O+ is the acid, A- is the base
HA and A- : differ in the presence or absence of a
proton (base)
a conjugate acid-base pair.

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

In any acid-base reaction:
Remove H+

HNO2(aq)+ H2O (l)

NO2- (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

Acid

Conjugate
base

Base

Add H+

Conjugate
acid

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Acids such as HCl , HNO3 , or H2SO4 ionize in water to
form a hydrated proton and a species called the
conjugate base of the acid;
HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Acid

Conjugate
base of HCl

Conjugate base of HCl results from the loss of one proton.

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Bases such as NH3 react with water to form a
hydrated hydroxide ion and a species called the
conjugate acid of base.
NH3 (aq) + H2O(l)
NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq)
Base

Conjugate
acid of NH3

Conjugate acid of NH3 results from the gain of one

proton.

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

In NH3 and H2O
Add H+
NH3(aq) + H2O (l)
NH4+ (aq) + OHBase
Conjugat Conjugate
(aq)
Acid
e acid
Base
Remove H+

Note:
NH3

base

Add H+

NH4+

Conjugate
acid

H 2O
Acid

Remove H+

OH-

Conjugate Base

Example
a) What is the conjugate base of the following acids:
HClO4 ; HCO3- remove one proton ( H+) from the formula.
ClO4- ; CO32b) What is the conjugate acid of the following bases:
CN- ; H2O ; HCO3- add one proton to the formula
HCN ; H3O+ ; H2CO3
Note: Hydrogen Carbonate ion, HCO3- is amphoteric: a
substance that can act as an acid or as a base.

Example
Determine the conjugate acid-base pairs
in the following:
1. HCO3- (aq) + HF (aq) H2CO3 (aq) + F- (aq)
2. HCO3- (aq) + OH- (aq) CO32- (aq) + H2O (aq)
3. SO32- (aq) + NH4+ (aq) HSO3- (aq) + NH3 (aq)
4. HSO3- (aq) + NH3 (aq) SO32- (aq) + NH4+ (aq)

Answer
Acid
Base
Conj. Base

Conj. acid

HF (aq)

HCO3- (aq)

H2CO3 (aq)

F- (aq)

HCO3- (aq)

OH- (aq)

H2O (l)

CO32- (aq)

NH4+ (aq)
NH3 (aq)

SO32- (aq)

HSO3- (aq)

HSO3- (aq)
SO32- (aq)

NH3 (aq)

NH4+ (aq)

Other example: HSO3Acid

Remove H+
HSO3- (aq) + H2O(l)
H3O+

SO32-(aq) +
Add H+

Base

Remove H+
HSO3- (aq) + H2O(l)
(aq)
Add H+

H2SO3(aq) + OH-

Conjugate pairs in acid-base reactions

Lewis Acid-Base Definition

Acid

Electron pair acceptor

Base

Electron pair donor

OH-, H2O , an amine - are electron-pair donors

A base in the Brnsted-Lowry ( a proton acceptor)
also base in the Lewis (an electron pair donor )
In the Lewis theory: a base can donate its electron
pair to species other than H+

Lewis Acid-Base Definition

Lewis Acids with Electron-Deficient Atoms:
Eg: Reaction between NH3 and BF3.
BF3 has a vacant orbital in its valence shell- acts as
an electron pair acceptor (a Lewis acid) toward NH3.
NH3 donates the electron pair.
H

H
Lewis base

F
Lewis acid

Lewis Acid-Base Definition

Lewis acid - molecules have an incomplete octet of
electrons.
Eg. Cations Fe3+ interacts with cyanide ions;
3+

Fe

+ 6

Fe C

36

Fe3+ ion has vacant orbitals - accept the electron

pairs donated by the CN- ions.

Lewis Acid-Base Definition

Note: Lewis acids and bases do not need to contain
protons.
Therefore, the Lewis definition is the most general
definition of acids and bases.
Lewis acids generally have an incomplete octet (eg.
BF3).
Transition metal ions are generally Lewis acids.
Lewis acids must have a vacant orbital (into which the
electron pairs can be donated).

Metal Cation as Lewis Acid

Definitions Comparison
Theory
Arrhenius
Arrhenius
BrnstedBrnstedLowry
Lowry

Acid
+
Forms
Forms HH33O
O+ ions
ions in
in
water
water
Proton
Proton donor
donor
+
HCl
HCl+
+HH22OOH
H33OO++
+Cl
Cl-

Base
Base
Forms
Forms OH
OH- ions
ions in
in
water
water
Proton
Proton acceptor
acceptor
NH
NH33(aq)
(aq)+
+HH22OO

NH
NH4 +
+OH
OH4

Lewis
Lewis

Electron
Electron pair
pair acceptor
acceptor Electron
Electron pair
pair donor
donor
H

F
B
F

N
H

Strength of Acid and Base:

Objectives
Strength of acid-base
Strong acid - strong base / weak acid
- weak base
Strength in conjugate acid base
determine the direction of acid-base
reaction
Water auto-ionization
Concept of pH

Variation in Acid Strength

Strong acids: Ionize completely into ions in water.
Eg: HNO3 (aq)+ H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
Weak acids: ionize very slightly into ions in water.
Eg: HCN(aq) + H2O (l) H3O+(aq) + CN- (aq)
This classification correlates with classification of
electrolytes:
strong electrolytes dissociate/ionize completely
weak electrolytes dissociate/ionize partially.

Strong Acids
Hydrohalic acids

Oxoacids
(number of O exceeds no. of
ionisable H atoms by two or
more)

HCl,
HBr,
HI
HNO3
H2SO4
HClO4
HClO3

HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
Strong acid will fully dissociate/ionize in water

Weak acids
Hydrohalic acids

HF

Acids in which H is not bonded

to O or to halogen

HCN
H2S

Oxoacids
(in which no. of O equals or
exceed by one the no. of
ionizable H)

HClO,
HNO2
H3PO4

Organic acids
(general formula RCOOH)

CH3COOH
C6H5COOH

Example
HF (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + F- (aq)
CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq)
HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)
Weak acid will partially ionize in water

Strong Base

Soluble
Soluble
compounds
compounds
containing
containing
2O
O2- or
or OH
OH-

Ionic
Ionic
hydrides
hydrides
and
and nitrides
nitrides

The
The cations
cations are
are
usually
usually those
those
of
of the
the most
most
active
active metals
metals

MO
MO or
or M(OH)
M(OH)22;;
Where
Where M=
M= Group
Group
IIA
IIA metal
metal
(Be,
(Be, Mg,
Mg, Ca,
Ca, Sr,
Sr, Ba)
Ba)
M
M22O
O or
or MOH;
MOH;
Where
Where M=
M= Group
Group
IA
IA metal
metal
(Li,
(Li, Na,
Na, K,
K, Rb,
Rb, Cs)
Cs)

HH- - (aq)
(aq) +
+ HH22O
O (l)
(l)
HH22 (g)
(g) +
+ OH
OH- (aq)
(aq)
NN3-3- (aq)
(aq) +
+ 33 HH22O
O (l)
(l)
NH
NH33 (aq)
(aq) +
+ 3OH
3OH(aq)
(aq)

Weak Bases
Compounds
with an
electron-rich
nitrogen are
weak bases
(none are
Arrhenius
bases).

The
common
structural
feature is
an N atom
that has a
lone pair

Ammonia
: NH3
Amines
such as
CH3CH2 : NH2
C5H5N:

Relative Strengths of Acid-Base

Some acids are better proton donors than others.
The stronger the acid, the weaker its conjugate base.
Some bases are better proton acceptors.
The stronger the base, the weaker its conjugate acid
The strength of an acid tells
base.

the strength of its conjugate

Strong acids: completely transfer their protons 100%

dissociation Their conjugate bases have a negligible
tendency to be protonated.
(E.g: HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-)

Consider the proton transfer in this:

HA(aq) + H2O (l) H3O+(aq) + A- (aq)

If HA is a stronger acid than H3O+;

HA will transfer its proton to H2O ; equilibrium lies to the

right

If H3O+ is a stronger acid than HA (if HA is a weak

acid);

equilibrium lies to the left

In every acid-base reaction, the position of the

equilibrium favors transfer of the proton from the
stronger acid to the stronger base to form the weaker
acid and the weaker base.

Example: CN- reacts with water as follows:

CN- (aq) + H2O(l) HCN (aq) + OH- (aq)
A Cl- ion does not react with water to form HCl.
Which acid is stronger, HCl (aq) or HCN (aq)? Why?
HCl and HCN are the conjugated acids of the bases Cl - and
CN-.The information provided tells us that Cl- is a weaker
base than CN-.CN- accepts a proton from H2O to form HCN.
Principle: The weaker a base, the stronger its conjugated
acid, can conclude that HCl is a stronger acid than HCN

Example

Predict the product of the following acid-base reactions and

also predict whether the equilibrium lies to the left or to the
right of the equation:
1. Cl- (aq) + H3O+(aq)
HCl (aq) + H O(aq) Lies to the lef
2

2. H2PO4- (aq) + H2O (l)

HPO42- (aq) +H3O+(aq)Lies to the

left
3. HS- (aq) + HC2H3O2 (aq)
H2S (aq) + C2H3O2- Lies to th
right
4. HCO3- (aq) + OH (aq)
CO32- (aq) + H2O (l) Lies to th
right
5. NH4+ (aq) + H2PO4- (aq)
NH3 (aq) + H3PO4 (aq)
Lies to the left

Autoionization of water
Water ionises into H+ and OH- (v. small extent). This
process is called the autoionization of water.

The Ion-Product Constant for

Water, Kw

We can write an equilibrium constant expression for the

autoionization of water: 2H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH(aq)

Keq

H O OH

H 2 O 2

Because H2O(l) is a pure liquid, the expression can be

simplified:
2

H 2O

K eq H 3O

OH K

The Ion-Product Constant for

Water, Kw
Kw is called the ion-product constant.
At 25C the ion-product of water is always:

1 10 14 K w H 3O OH

In neutral solution:

[H3O+] = [OH-]

In acidic solution

[H3O+] exceeds [OH-]

In basic solution

[OH-] exceeds [H3O+]

Note: The ion -product constant Kw is unaffected by

whether a solution is acidic or basic.

Example

Calculate the concentration of H3O+

(aq) in a solution in which [OH-] is
2.0 x 10-9 M at 25C.

H O OH 1.0 x 10
1.0 x 10
1.0 x 10
H O OH 2.0 x 10

14

14

14
9

5.0 x 10 6 M

The pH scale
+
pH
pH =
= -log
-log [H
[H+ ]] =
= -log
-log
+
[H
[H33O
O+]]

Express H+ in terms of pH.

For [H+] = 1.0 x 10-3 M.

pH = -log (1.0 x 10-3 ) = -(- 3.00 ) = 3.00

Acidic

+
[H
[H+]] (M)
(M) [OH
[OH-]-] (M)
(M)
>1.0x10-7 <1.0x10-7

pH
pH value
value
<7.00
<7.00

Neutral

=1.0x10-7 =1.0x10-7

Basic
Basic

-7
-7
<1.0x10
<1.0x10-7 >1.0x10
>1.0x10-7

=7.00
=7.00
>7.00
>7.00

Acidic Neutral Basic

+
[H
[H33O
O+]]
11
-1
11 10
10-1
-2
11 10
10-2
-3
11 10
10-3
-4
11 10
10-4
-5
11 10
10-5
-6
11 10
10-6

[OH
[OH]-]
-14
11 10
10-14
-13
11 10
10-13
-12
11 10
10-12
-11
11 10
10-11
-10
11 10
10-10
-9
11 10
10-9
-8
11 10
10-8

Acidic
Acidic

[H3O+]

+
[H
[H33O
O+]]
-7
11 10
10-7

[OH
[OH]-]
-7
11 10
10-7

Neutral
Neutral

1 10-8
1 10-9
1 10-10
1 10-11
1 10-12
1 10-13
-14
11 10
10-14

[OH
[OH]-]
-6
11 10
10-6
-5
11 10
10-5
-4
11 10
10-4
-3
11 10
10-3
-2
11 10
10-2
-1
11 10
10-1
11

Basic
Basic

Example

Given [OH-] = 2.0 x 10-3, calculate [H+] (or [H3O+]) and pH

at 25C.

KW
1.0 10 14
12

5
.
0

10
M

3
OH
2.0 10

pH = -log ( 5.0 X 10-12 )

= 11.3

Other p scale
The concentration of OH- can be expressed as pOH
pOH
pOH =
= -log
-log [OH
[OH- ]]

pH
+
pOH
=
pK
-log
KKww =
pH
+
pOH
=
pK
ww=
=
-log
=
Example:
14.00
14.00

A solution has a pH of 5.6 . Calculate the hydrogen ion

concentration.

pH = -log [H+], log [H+] = -5.6

[H+] = 2.5 10-6 M

Example
Calculate [H+] for a solution with pOH of 4.75

pOH is defined as log [OH-]

The pH and the pOH are related: pH + pOH =

14.00

pH = 14.00 - pOH = 14 - 4.75 = 9.25

pH = 9.25

log [H+] = -pH = -9.25

[H+] = 5.6 x 10-10 M.

Methods for measuring

pH

Acid-base indicator
pH paper

pH meter

Strong Acids
Strong acids are strong electrolytes and they ionize
completely in solution.
HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3-(aq)
Example
What is the pH of a 0.04 M solution HClO4?
HClO4 is completely ionized: [H+] = 0.04 M
Hence, pH= -log (0.040) = 1.40

Strong Bases
Most ionic hydroxides are strong bases (eg. NaOH, KOH
and Ca(OH)2.)
Strong bases are strong electrolytes and dissociate
completely in solution:

NaOH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

The pOH of a strong base is given by the initial molarity of
the base.

Example
What is the pH of a 0.011 M solution of Ca(OH)2?
Ca(OH)2 is a strong base.
Ca(OH)2 Ca2+
+ 2OH0.011M 0.011M 2 0.011M
pOH = -log (0.022) = 1.66
pH + pOH = 14.00
pH = 14.00 - pOH = 14.00 - 1.66 = 12.34

Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka

HA (g or aq) + H2O(l) A- (aq) + H3O+(aq)
K eq

H O A

HA

Ka

H A

or K eq

HA

H O A

HA

Stronger acid larger Ka

Weaker acid Smaller Kalower % HA ionizes

Ka values for weak acids

Acid Ka

% HA dissociated

1 M HClO2 1.12 x10-2 10 %

1 M CH3COOH
1 M HCN

1.8 x10-5

0.42 %

6.2 x10-10 0.0025 %

Solving Problems Involving Weak-Acid

Equilibria
1. Given equilibrium concentrations, find K a.
2. Given Ka and other info, find other equilibrium concentration.

[H ] [A ]
Ka
[HA]

HA (aq) + H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)

Ionization is incomplete and some significant amount of
undissociated acid remains at equilibrium.

Problem-Solving Approach : Problems

Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
1. Write the balanced equation and Ka expression
2. Define x as unknown concentration that changes during
the reaction.
3. Construct a reaction table that incorporates the unknown.
4. Make assumptions that simplify the calculations.
5. Substitute the values into the Ka expression and solve for
x
6. Check that the assumptions are justified.

Problem-Solving Approach : Problems

Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
HA (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + A- (aq)
If f is the formal concentration of acid , x be the
equilibrium concentration of H3O+. Then,
HA (aq) + H2O (l)
f-x

H3O+(aq) + A- (aq)
x

[H3O ] [A ]
x2
Ka

[HA]
fx

Problem-Solving Approach : Problems

Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
The equation can be solved using quadratic eqn.
If f>>x, then
x2 Kaf
xKa=f
If x is 5% of the initial concentration, we can use
the assumption.
If x is 5% of the initial concentration, it maybe
best to solve the quadratic equation.

Problem-Solving Approach : Problems

Involving Weak-Acid Equilibria
Percent ionisation is another method to assess acid
strength.
% ionisation

[H 3O ]eqm
[HA] initial

x100

The higher the percent ionisation, the stronger the

acid.

Example

A student prepared 0.10 M solution of formic acid

HCHO2.
The pH= 2.38 at 25C.
1. Calculate Ka
2. Percentage of ionisation.

H CHO

Ka

HCHO2

pH log H 2.38

H 4.2 10

log H 2.38

Example
Calculate Ka

H CHO

Ka

HCHO2

pH log H 2.38, log H 2.38,

HCHO (aq)

H+(aq) + CHO -(aq)

H 4.2 10

Answer
HCHO2(aq) H+(aq) + CHO2-(aq)
Initial
Change
Eqm

0.10 M
-4.2 10-3M

+4.2 10-3M

+4.2 10-3M

(0.10 - 4.2 10-3)M 4.2 10-3M

4.2 10-3M

(0.10 4.2 10-3)M 0.10 M

4.2 10 4.2 10

1.8 10
3

Ka

0.10

% ionisation

equilibrium

HCHO2 initial

100%

The percent
ionisation of a
weak acid
decreases as its
concentration
increases.

Percent ionised

4.2 10 3

100% 4.2%
0.10
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
5 concentration
0
5 (M)
Acid

Example

Calculate the percentage of HF (Ka = 6.8 x 10-4)

molecules ionised in:
a. 0.10M HF solution
b. 0.010 M HF solution

Polyprotic Acid
Acids have more than one ionizable H atom
Example: Sulfurous acid, H 2SO3.
H2SO3 (aq) H+(aq) + HSO3- (aq)
Ka1 = 1.7 x 10-2
HSO3- (aq) H+(aq) + SO32- (aq)
Ka2 = 6.4 x 10-8
Ka2 is much smaller than Ka1 ; easier to remove the first
proton from polyprotic acid than the second
Ka1 is much larger than Ka2 ; can estimate the pH by
considering only Ka1.

Example
CO2 dissolved in water at 25C and 0.1 atm to form H 2CO3 with conc. 0.0037
M.
What is the pH ?
CO2(aq) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)
[H2CO3] = 0.0037 M
H2CO3 is a polyprotic acid:
H2CO3(aq) H+(aq) + HCO3-(aq) ka1= 4.3 10-7
HCO3-(aq) H+ (aq) + CO32- (aq)ka2= 4.710-11
ANSWER = 4.40

Weak Bases
There is an equilibrium between the base and the resulting
ions
Weak base + H2O(l) conjugate acid + OH- (aq)
Eg: NH3(aq) + H2O

NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

The base-dissociation constant , K b, is defined as

[NH
][OH
[NH
44 ][OH ]]
K
Kbb
[NH
[NH33]]

The larger the Kb the stronger the base

Example
Calculate the concentration of OH- in a 0.15 M
solution of NH3. (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5)
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
0.15 -x

[NH4 ][OH ]
(x)(x)
Kb

1.8 x 105
[NH3]
0.15 x

x = [NH4+] =[OH-] = 1.6 x10-3 M

Example
A solution is made by adding Sodium Hypochlorite,
NaClO, to water (2.0 L soln). The pH of solution is 10.50.
How many moles of NaClO were added?
Note:
NaClO is an ionic compound, strong electrolyte.
NaClO Na+ + ClOClO-(aq) + H2O HClO(aq) + OH-(aq)
Kb = 3.3 x 10-7.

Answer
Unit in molarity
pOH + pH = 14
pOH = - log [OH-]
pH = - log [ H+]
Given: pH = 10.50 ; base. Whats the [OH-]
Knowing the [OH-] then we know the Molarity of ClO-.
Molarity of NaClO mole ( in the same volume: 2.0 L
)
NaClO
Na+ +
ClO1 mole
1 mole
1 mole

Answer
ClO-(aq) + H2O(l) HClO(aq) + OH-(aq)
Let say we start with 1.0 M NaClO : conc. of ClO- is 1.0 M.
Then,
ClO-(aq) + H2O(l) HClO(aq) + OH-(aq)
1-x

x; concentration of OH* If we dont know the ClO-. Let say ClO-: z

But we know the [OH-] x . Then,
z-x

Answer

Given pH = 10.50
from : pH + pOH = 14.0
pOH = 14.0 - 10.50 = 3.50
pOH = - log [OH-]
[OH-] = 10

-3.50

= 3.2 x 10-4 M
x = 3.2 x 10-4 M

Tabulate in equilibrium table:

ClO-(aq) + H2O(l) HClO(aq) + OH-(aq)

Initial
Change
final

ClO-(aq)

H2O(l)

HClO(aq)

OH-(aq)

-3.2 10-4

3.2 10-4

3.2 10-4

z - 3.2 10-4

3.2 10-4

[HClO][OH ]
Kb
[ClO ]
(3.2 x 10 4 )2

z 3.2 x 104
z 0.31M

3.3 x 107

3.2 10-4

Answer

Z = [ClO- ] = 0.31 M
NaClO = 0.31 M

Mol
Mol
Molarity, M
0.31
Volume(L)
2L
Mol of NaClO = 0.31 (mol/ L) x (2 L)
= 0.62 mol

Relationship between Ka and Kb

We need to quantify the relationship between
strength of acid and conjugate base.
NH4+(aq) NH3(aq) + H+(aq)
NH3(aq) +H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
[NH3][H ]
Ka
[NH4 ]
[NH 4 ][OH ]
Kb
[NH3]

Relationship between Ka and Kb

NH4+(aq) NH3(aq) + H+(aq)
NH3(aq) +H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
When two reactions are added to give a third, the
equilibrium constant for the third reaction is the product
of the equilibrium constant for the two added reactions:
reaction 1+ reaction 2 = reaction 3
K1 x K2 = K3

 For a conjugate acid -base pair

[NH 3 ][H ]

K a K b

[NH 4 ]

[NH 4 ][OH ]

[NH 3 ]

[H ][OH ] K w
Ka Kb Kw
Therefore , the larger the Ka the smaller the Kb. That
is, the
stronger the acid, the weaker the conjugate base.
Taking negative logarithms:
pKa = -log (Ka) and pKb = -log(Kb)
then pKa + pKb = pKw

END of CHAPTER 13