THESIS TITLE:

Physico-Chemical Properties,
Pelletising Methods and in vitro
Digestibility of Pineapple Whole
Plant Waste as Herbivorous
Fibrous Feed Source
Prepared by:

MUHAMMAD FAKHRI BIN ZAINUDDIN

(GS34579)

Supervisor:
ASSOC. PROF. DR. ROSNAH SHAMSUDIN

Co-Supervisor:
DR. ING. MOHD NORIZNAN MOKHTAR
PROF. DR. DAHLAN ISMAIL

INTRODUCTI
ON PINEAPPLE
Second harvest of
importance of tropical
fruit after bananas
70% of the pineapple is
consumed as fresh fruit in
the producing countries,
Thailand, Philippines,
Brazil and China (Garcia,
2005)
Malaysia ranked 5th in
Asia and 22nd in the world
(Parker, 2005)

MALAYSIA
Produced 23 million tons of
pineapple fruit in 2012 (FAO,
2014)
Pineapple varieties in
Malaysia are the Josapine,
Moris, Sarawak, Gandol and
N36
One hectare of pineapple
field can produce 17,400
fruits, approximately 25
metric tonnes of pineapple
fruit.

MD2
MORIS

JOSAPINE

PROBLEM
STATEMENT
Could
reduce the
amount of
agro-waste
Produced during
harvesting activities
(Wan and Zainuddin,
2013)

PINEAPP
LE
PLANT
WASTE

Recycled through open

burning before consecutive
replanting process (Ahmed et

CONVERT

Become an
environmental
issue

There is an increase
in demand for
animal products
including meat
(Philip, 2010)

HERBIVORO
US
ANIMAL
FEED

Increase animal-feed
production in tropical
areas where pineapples
are widely grown

PROBLEM
STATEMENT
However..
Difficulties in
transportation
(Terril et al.,
2007)
PINEAPPLE
PLANT
WASTE
Difficulties in
storage
process (Terril Involve
et al., 2007). in high
cost

So..
Improve
transportation and
also storage (Adapa
et al., 2006).

Pellet
Form

Better flow
properties
Reduce
wastage
Improve
feeding

More precise and easier to

control over the desired feed
ration for individual animals
or groups of animals with
greater nutritional needs

OBJECTIVES
1) To evaluate the physico-chemical properties of whole
pineapple plant waste (PPW) varieties
2)To study the pelletising process for pineapple
plant waste (PPW) for the manufacture of
herbivore feed by using extrusion and a
compaction process
3)To investigate the digestibility of pineapple
plant waste (PPW) pellets by using an in vitro
technique

LITERATURE
REVIEW

The Use of Pineapple Wastes

(Stems)
o The stem from pineapple
The Use of Pineapple Wastes (Leaves)
have been utilised for
o Researchers usually only focus on
bromelain extraction
the fruit part (peel, crown, core, not o Bromelain has potential as an
leaves and stems part)
anticancer agent (Chobotova
o The fibre (from leaves and stems)
et al. 2009) and is primarily
price is US$ 0.36 kg, about US$ 434
found in pineapple stem
per hectare (have potential market
(Hebbar et al, 2008)
value) (Satyanarayana et al. 2007)
o Can be processed into paper
o The leaves have been used to make
o Used for silage and hay for
coarse textiles and threads, also
cattle feed
paper and fibre composites (Arib et
al. 2006).

LITERATURE
REVIEW

Densification Process
Categorized into two parts:
1) Close Die Compaction (Tableting process, produce tablet)
2) Open Die Compaction (Extrusion process, produce pellet)
Densified product can be stored and preserved properly
Somehow, after compaction, the forming pellets were dusty and
less structured due to lack of basic knowledge in binding
properties (Sokhansanj et al. 2005)
Gambar densification

LITERATURE
REVIEW
Pelleting Process
A process using pellet press/pelletiser/pellet mill
Raw material will be push through the open die, and released as
pellets forms.
Then, the pellets will be cut with a knife according to the desired
size

Advantages:

Improved animal performance

Decreased feed wastage
Reduced selective feeding
Improved bulk density
Better material handling characteristics

LITERATURE
REVIEW

Effect of Moisture Content on Pellet Quality

Moisture act as a natural binding and
lubricant to the material
Water helps the development of
intermolecular forces between the particles
Excessive of moisture content or less than
the moisture will result in low quality of
pellets (Shaw and Tabil, 2007)
The moisture also will effect the density of
the pellets produce

LITERATURE
REVIEW
DIGESTIBILITY OF FIBER IN HERBIVORES
Herbivores:
1. Ruminant (Sheep, cattle, cow, goat)
2. Non Ruminant/Monogastric (Horse, swine)
Ruminant
A ruminant stomach has four chambers:
1. Rumen
2. Reticulum
3. Omasum
4. Abomasum
Non Ruminant/Monogastric :
1. One stomach (The work involved in breaking up food is done in
one
stomach.

LITERATURE
REVIEW

Extrusion Technique
- one of the technique to produce pellet
-cooking of raw material by using high
temperature
-not easily disintegrating and deteriorating if
expose to water

Compression Technique
- almost similar to tableting process,
but using an open die
-raw material will c

METHOD
S

Overall Flowchart
Ground material
from whole
pineapple plant
waste
35
%
Pre-conditioning
with different
moisture content

Extruded the
sample

Temp: 100C
Screw speed: 150rpm
Diameter: 8mm

50
%
Comparison
on physical
strength
between the
pellet

METHOD
S
Friability
(%)

True
Density
kg/m

Pellet Physical Test

Porosity
(%)

Bulk
Density
kg/m

RESULTS
1.4
1.2

Friability is the tendency for

the pellets to form dusts or to
break-up/off when subjected to
destructive forces.
no significant (p>0.05)
increase

0.85
%

1
0.8

Friability (%)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
35

40

45

50

Moisture Content (%)

Comparison between FRIABILITY

for each of the pellet with
different moisture content

Low friability indicated that

the pellets were able to
withstand the shear forces when
subjected to mechanical shock
or attrition
have high storage
capacity

RESULTS

345.2
4
kg/m

350

340

330

320

Bulk Density (kg/m)

310

300

290

280
35

40

45

50

Moisture Content (%)

Comparison between BULK DENSITY (kg/m)

for each of the pellet with different moisture
content

bulk density provided a

strong influence in the
form of transport
equipment, storage and
conversion process
(Karunanithy et al.,

not increase
2012)
significantly (p>0.05)
with the increase in
moisture content
reduced
transportation costs,
and enabled easier
handling with proper
storage equipment
Adequate storage
space is necessary in
order to keep large
supply of feedstock
safely in hand.

RESULTS
1520.35
kg/m

1525
1520
1515

True density is a
fundamental material
property for accurate
characterization of powder
mechanical properties

1510

True Density (kg/m)

1505
1500
1495
1490

Moisture Content (%)

Comparison between TRUE
DENSITY (kg/m) for each of
the pellet with different
moisture content

There were significant

differences (p<0.05)
According to Kaliyan and
Morey (2009), density
depended on the types of
feedstock, machines and
process variables.

RESULTS
80.5
80
79.5
79
78.5

Porosity (%)

77.02
%

78
77.5
77
76.5
76
75.5
35

40

45

50

Moisture Content (%)

Comparison between POROSITY (%) for
each of the pellet with different
moisture content

Influence in the
transportation and the
storage of pellets
there were no
significant difference
(p>0.05)
high porosity of the
feedstock indicated that
the void space was less
and the feedstock within
the given volume would
result in low
compressibility
Low porosity of
feedstock at moisture
content 50% indicated
that the sample was
compacted, thus
resulting in higher
compressibility

CONCLUSI
ON
The moisture content had no
significant effect upon the physical
characteristics of the pellets except
for true density
Increase the bulk density ,reducing
the amount of space required for
transportation and storage.

Increasing its flexibility for

feeding

Increase the utility of this

forage as a natural fiber
source for ruminants

Densification of pineapple
waste into pellets reduce costs
and solve problems related with
handling, transportation and
storage

REFERENC
ES
Wan Mohd Aznan and Zainuddin Zakaria, 2013. Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF): From Western to Wealth.
JURUTERA, 18-20.
Ahmed, O.H., Husni, M.H.A., Anuar, A.R., and Hanafi, M.M., 2008. Effect of Residue Management Practice On
Yield and Economic Viability of Malaysian Pineapple Production. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,20(4), 83-93.
Philip K. Thornton, 2010. Livestock production:recent trends, future prospects. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 365,28532867.
Adapa, P. K., Tabil, L.G., Schoenau, G.J., and Sokhansanj, S., 2006. Pelleting characteristics of fractionated and
sun-cured dehydrate alfalfa grinds. Applied Engineering in Agriculture,20(6),813820.
Terrill, T. H., Mosjidis,T.H., Moore, D.A., Shaik, S.A.,Miller, J.E., Burke, J.M., Muir, J.P., and Wolfe, R., 2007.
Effect of pelleting on efficacy of sericea lespedeza hay as a natural dewormer in goats. Veterinary Parasitology, 146,
117122.
Karunanithy, C., Wang, Y., Muthukumarappan, K., and Pugalen, S., 2012. Physiochemical characterization of
briquettes made from different feedstocks. Biotechnology Research International, 12. doi:10.1155/2012/165202.
Kaliyan, N., and Morey, R.V., 2009. Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products.
Biomass and Bioenergy, 33(3),337359.

THANK YOU