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UNDER
UNDER THE
THE ESTEEMED
ESTEEMED GUIDANCE
GUIDANCE OF
OF
Adari .G V . CHIRANJEEVI
Asistente .Profesor
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
MULTY LEVEL INVERTERS TOPOLOGY
CASCADED H-BRIDGE MULTILEVEL INVERTER
SIMULATION RESULTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
In a traditional method, all the battery cells are directly connected in series and are
charged or discharged by the same current.
In EV energy storage systems, a large number of battery cells are usually connected in
series to enhance the output voltage for motor driving.
These vehicles
have battery storage with large capacity and these batteries are
The ac output of the HCMC is multilevel voltage, while the number of voltage levels is
proportional to the number of cascaded battery cells.
So the HCMC used in the applications of EV with a larger number of battery cells, the
4
A
+
B+
Va
Vb
A-
B-
V load = VA - VB
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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H BRIDGE INVERTER
Vdc
A+
B+
+ Vdc
Va
Load
Vb
B
Vload V A VB V AB
H BRIDGE INVERTER
Vdc
A+
B+
+0
Va
Load
Vb
B
Vload V A VB V AB
10
10
H BRIDGE INVERTER
Vdc
A+
B+
Vdc +
Va
Load
Vb
B
Vload V A VB V AB
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11
H BRIDGE INVERTER
Vdc
A+
B+
+0
Va
Load
Vb
B
Vload V A VB V AB
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It includes two parts, the cascaded half-bridges with battery cells shown on the left
and the H-bridge inverters shown on the right.
The output of the cascaded half-bridges is the dc bus which is also connected to the dc
input of the H-bridge.
Each half-bridge can make the battery cell to be involved into the voltage producing
or to be bypassed.
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By control of the cascaded half-bridges, the number of battery cells connected in the
circuit will be changed, that leads to a variable voltage to be produced at the dc bus.
The H-bridge is just used to alternate the direction of the dc voltage to produce ac
waveforms.
Hence, the switching frequency of devices in the H-bridge equals to the base
frequency of the desired ac voltage.
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For the cascade half-bridge converter, define the switching state as follows:
When Sx = 1, the battery is connected in the circuit and is discharged or charged which
is determined by the direction of the external current.
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The other is the higher voltage devices used in the H-bridges which worked just in base
frequency.
So the high voltage large capacity devices such as GTO or IGCT can be used in the
H-bridges.
The number of battery cells in each phase is n, then the devices used in one phase
cascaded half-bridges is 2n.
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19
19
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It means that not all the battery cells are needed to supply the load at the same time.
As the output current is the same for all cells connected in the circuit, the charged or
discharged energy of each cell is determined by the period of this cell connected into the
circuit, which can be used for the voltage or energy equalization.
The cell with higher voltage or SOC can be discharged more or to be charged less in
using, then the energy utilization ratio can be improved while the overcharge and over
discharged can be avoided.
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22
One is the low voltage devices used in the cascaded half-bridges these devices
work in higher switching frequency to reduce harmonics.
MOSFETs with low on-resistance are used in these circuits for switching
action.
The Switches used in H-Bridge should withstand high voltages and operate
low frequency usually at grid frequency.
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All the half-bridges are controlled individually, a staircase shape halfsinusoidal-wave voltage is produced on the dc bus of MMC.
As a result multilevel ac voltage can be formed at the output side of HBridge.
The number of ac voltage levels in any phase is equal to 2n1, where n is the
number of cascaded half-bridges in each phase.
The more of the cascaded cells, the more voltage levels at the output side, and
the output voltage is closer to the ideal sinusoidal.
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S.No
S1
S2
S3
S10
S11
Vout
V1
2V1
3V1
4V1
5V1
6V1
7V1
8V1
9V1
10
10V1
11
11V1
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Results
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1630
Simulink circuit
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CONCLUSION
The levels in output voltage increases and the high power switches are switched
at low frequency as a result the switching loss decreases.
The HCMC converter has the ability of producing the required number of levels
in
the
output
voltage;
this
makes
it
suitable
for variable
voltage
applications.
The Converter offers a reasonably good THD in the load voltages as results
the cost of filters will get reduced.
As the number of levels increases beyond 19 there in no considerable change
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References
1. Zedong Zheng, Kui Wang, Lie Xu, Yongdong Li, A Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel
Converter for Battery Energy Management Applied in Electric Vehicles, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 3537 3546, july 2014.
2. S. M. Lukic, J. Cao, R. C. Bansal, F. Rodriguez, and A. Emadi, Energy storage
systems for automotive applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 6, pp.
22582267, Jul. 2008.
3. H. M. Zhang and S. P. Ding, Application of synergic electric power sup- ply in HEV, in
Proc. 8th World Congr. Intelligent Control Autom., 2010, pp. 40974100.
4. A. Emadi, Y. J. Lee, and K. Rajashekara, Power electronics and motor drives in
electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 22372245, Jun. 2008.
5. K. Jonghoon, S. Jongwon, C. Changyoon, and B. H. Cho, Stable configuration of a LiIon series battery pack based on a screening process for improved voltage/SOC
balancing, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 411424, Jan. 2012.
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