Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AE 3310
Introduction to Aerospace Vehicle Performance
18.
&e
mu
d
&
F
u
dV
u
dm
x dt x
x
CV
CS
Sum of forces
applied to the
CV (Solid body
on the fluid)
(onlycareaboutx
directionfor1Dflow)
Net flow-rate
of momentum
leaving the CV
(steadyexitvelocityand
propellantflowrate)
& e pe p0 Ae
T mu
Optimumexpansionwhenpe=p0and2ndtermgoestozero
Overexpansion:pe<p0(degradesthrust)
Underexpansion:pe>p0(improvesthrust?No,becauseueimpacted)
m&
& eq
T mu
WherethrusthasunitsofNewtons:
kg m
2
s
[N]
WhereimpulsehasunitsofNewtonseconds:
kg m
N s
s
Withunits:
N s
m
kg
s
ueq
I
I sp
mp gE gE
Wherespecificimpulsehasunitsofseconds:
N s
m
s
and
9.8
E
m
s2
kg 2
s
MgE
dm
ue
u
udV udm&
dt CV
CS
MgE
udV
M dm u du Mu
dt
dt
dm
CV
ue
negligible
d
d
udV Mu Mdu udm dmdu Mu
dt CV
dt
d
du
&
udV M
mu
dt CV
dt
u
udV udm&
dt CV
CS
CS
MgE
pe p0 Ae D Mg E cos M
du
& mu
& mu
&e
mu
dt
du 1
D
& e pe p0 Ae g E cos
mu
dt M
M
dm
ue
& eq
mu
du m&
D
ueq g E cos
dt M
M
du m&
D
ueq g E cos
dt M
M
D
ueq g E cos dt
ueq g E cos
dt
M
M
M
M
Sign flip because: dm dM
du
MgE
Negligible drag (D = 0)
Negligible gravity (Remove gE term)
dm
uf
du u ueq
Mf
Mf
dM
M
ueq ln
ueq ln
M
M
Mf
ue
M
u I sp g E ln
Mf
The Rocket
Equation
Here,Mwithoutasubscriptdenotes
theinitialmassoftherocket.
10
Mf
Mf
M payload M structure
M structure M propellant
M
Substituting these terms back into the rocket equation:
M payload M structure M propellant
M
1
u I sp g E ln
I sp g E ln
I sp g E ln
Mf
M
(1
payload
structure
11
Notethattheseresultsarewithoutgravitationallossesintherocketequation!
Thesituationismuchworseforalaunchvehicle!
12
LEOto
Moon/Mars
Transfer
EarthtoLEO
Transfer
u I sp g E ln
SolidRocket
Propellant
Liquid
Hydrocarbon
Propellant
Liquid
Hydrogen
Propellant
Electric
Propulsion
Propellant
13
14
15
M propellant
M
M propellant
M payload M structure M propellant
Mf
M
structure
M
M
M
M
M
Rearranging terms:
M structure
M
M structure
M structure
M structure M M payload
1
M
M
1
1 1
1
16
17
18
Example Problem 1
A launch vehicle places a mass M = 125,000-kg with a payload
fraction = 0.3 into LEO. The transfer stage must supply a V
of 4.3-km/s to put the spacecraft on a Mars transfer orbit.
Someuseful
equations:
1
u I sp g E ln
(1
tburn
M propellant
m&p
1
1
>19,000years!
19
20
Example Problem 2
2
v
sin
2
v
sin
30
10
2
s
2
v 2v sin
IfIsp=300s:
Mf
IfIsp=1000s:
Mf
M
e
v
I sp g E
M
e
v
I sp g E
(500 kg)
10000 m/s
(500 kg)
10000 m/s
16.66 kg
180.22 kg
21