CHAPTER 6

ENTROPY
Sub-chapter covered
6.5 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady Flow Devices

Isentropic efficiencies
- Parameter that expresses quantitatively how efficiently an
actual device approximate an idealized one.
- Isentropic or adiabatic efficiency which is measure of the
deviation of actual process from the corresponding idealized one.
- Isentropic efficiency are defined differently for different
devices since each device is set up for different tasks.
Isentropic

Sin = Sout

Isentropic Efficiencies of Turbines

o the ratio of the actual work output of the turbine to the work output
that would be achieved if the process between the inlet state and
the exit state were isentropic

wa
Actual turbine work
T

Isentropic turbine work ws

h1 h2 a
T
h1 h2 s
where

h2 a and h2 s are

the enthalpy at the exit state

for actual and isentropic
process

 So what is x2 & h2s at isentropic

condition? Ws?

Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressor and Pump

o the ratio of the work input required to raise the pressure
of a gas to a specified value in an isentropic manner to the actual
work input

Isentropic compressor work ws

C

Actual compressor work

wa

h2 s h1
C
h2 a h1
where

h2 a and h2 s are

the enthalpy at the exit state

for actual and isentropic
compressio n process
ws v( P2 P1 )
P

wa
h2 a h1

 If isentropic efficiency 80%, find

the T2 and W?

Find h1 and Pr1 from air table

Use isentropic relation for IG to find Pr2 then get h2s from
air table.
Use the isentropic efficiency eqn to find h2a
Use h2a to find T2

Isentropic Efficiencies of Nozzle

o adiabatic devices
o the ratio of the actual kinetic energy of the fluid at the nozzle
exit to the kinetic energy value at the exit of an isentropic nozzle
for the same inlet state and exit pressure

Actual KE at the nozzle exit

V 22a
N
2
Isentropic KE at the nozzle exit V 2 s

V 2 2a
h1 h2 a
2
where the inlet velocity of
the fluid is small
relative to exit velocity
h1 h2 a
N
h1 h2 s
where

h2 a and h2 s are

the enthalpy at the exit state

for actual and isentropic
process

 Find the v2s and T2 of isentropic

nozzle.
Step 2
Step 1

Step 3

T2s = 748 K, V2s = 666 m/s,

T2a = 764 K, V2a = 639 m/s

Summary: Isentropic device

Isentropic turbine
Ws > Wa
Isentropic compressor
Ws < Wa
Isentropic nozzle
V2s > V 2a

A turbine operating at steady state receives air at a pressure

of p1 3.0 bar and a temperature of T1 390 K. Air exits the
turbine at a pressure of p2 1.0 bar. The work developed is
measured as 74 kJ per kg of air flowing through the turbine.
The turbine operates adiabatically, and changes in kinetic and
potential energy between inlet and exit can be neglected. Using
the ideal gas model for air, determine the turbine efficiency.

A steam turbine operates at steady state with inlet

conditions of p1 5 bar, T1 320C. Steam leaves the
turbine at a pressure of 1 bar. There is no significant
heat transfer between the turbine and its
surroundings, and kinetic and potential energy changes
between inlet and exit are negligible. If the isentropic
turbine efficiency is 75%, determine the work
developed per unit mass of steam flowing through the
turbine, in kJ/kg.

Air enters an adiabatic compressor at 100 kPa and 17C

at a rate of 2.4 m3/s, and it exits at 257C. The
compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 84%.
Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential
energies, determine
(a) the exit pressure of air
(b) the power required to drive the compressor.

 Exercise
Steam enters a nozzle operating at steady state at
p1 1.0 MPa and T1 320C with a velocity of 30 m/s.
The pressure and temperature at the exit are p2
0.3 MPa and T2 180C. There is no significant heat
transfer between the nozzle and its surroundings,
and changes in potential energy between inlet and
exit can be neglected. Determine the nozzle
efficiency.