Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Chapter Two
The Cultural
Environments
Facing Business
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Chapter Objectives
To understand methods for learning about
cultural environments
To analyze the major causes of cultural
difference and change
To discuss behavioral factors influencing
countries business practices
To understand cultural guidelines for companies
that operate internationally
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Culture
Learned norms based on values,
attitudes, and beliefs of a group of
people
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Cultural Diversity
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Cultural Collision
Occurs in international business when:
A company implements practices that are less
effective
Employees encounter distress because of
difficulty in accepting or adjusting to foreign
behaviors
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Cultural Awareness
Problem areas that can hinder managers
cultural awareness
Subconscious reactions to circumstances
The assumption that all societal subgroups
are similar
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2-10
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Country-By-Country Analysis
Managers find this difficult to implement
because:
Subcultures exist within nations
Similarities link groups from different countries
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2-12
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2-13
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2-14
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2-15
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2-16
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2-17
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Performance Orientation
Open and Closed Societies
Gender-Based Groups
Age-Based Groups
Family-Based Groups
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Work Motivation
Materialism and Motivation
Expectation of Success and Reward
Performance and Achievement: The MasculinityFemininity Index
Hierarchies of Needs
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Hierarchy of Needs
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Relationship Preferences
Power Distance
Individualism Versus Collectivism
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Risk-Taking Behavior
Uncertainty Avoidance
Trust
Future Orientation
Fatalism
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Communication
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Ethnocentrism
conviction that ones own culture is superior to that of
other countries
Geocentrism
requires companies to balance knowledge of their
own organizational cultures with both home and host
country needs, capabilities, and constraints
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Value Systems
Cost-Benefit Analysis of change
Resistance to too much change
Participation
Reward Sharing
Opinion Leadership
Timing
Learning Abroad
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Scenario 2.
Outward expressions of national culture will continue
to become homogeneous while distinct values will
remain stable
Scenario 3.
Nationalism will continue to reinforce cultural identity
Scenario 4.
Existing national borders will shift to accommodate
ethnic differences
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