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Fuel Induction Systems for SI Engines

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

The Pace of Net Heat Addition


Influence the Area of the

Induction of Fuel in SI Engine


The task of the engine induction and fuel systems is to
prepare from ambient air and fuel in the tank an air-fuel
mixture that satisfies the requirement of the engine.
This preparation is to be carried out over entire engine
operating regime.
In principle, the optimum air-fuel ratio for an engine is that
which give the required power output with the lowest fuel
consumption.
It should also ensure smooth and reliable operation.
The fuel Induction systems for SI engine are classified as:
Carburetors.
Throttle body Fuel Injection Systems.
Multi Point Fuel Injection Systems.

The Carburetor: A Natural Fuel Induction System

Isentropic Flow Through A Venturi

1u1 A1 2u 2 A2
u 22
2

u 22 s
2

u 12
2

u 12
2

h1

u1

h2

h1 h2 c p T1 T2

h1 h2 s c p T1 T2 s

u2
2

u 22 s
2

u 22 s
2

u 12
2

h1 h2 s

R
T1 T2 s

u 12
2

p1

1 1

p2 s

2
2

1u1 A1
u
u
1 2s
p1
1


u2
p2 s

2 2
2
1 1
2 A2
u A 2

1 1 1

2
u1
1 2 A2
p1


p2 s

2
2
2
1 1

p1

pthroat

p1 > p2s > pthroat

p1
p

p2s

Real Flow Through A Venturi

p1

pthroat

p2a <p2s

p1
p

p2a

Practical Carburetor Venturi

Real Air Flow Through Venturi

2 a 0 pa

m a C D AT
Where

pT

p0

2/

pT

p0

1/ 2

1 /

Fuel Flow Through Orifice

m a C DO AO

p f

p f pa f gh

Carburetor Performance

m a CD
A


F m f C DO

AT a



A
O f

1/ 2

pa

p
f

1/ 2

Carburetor Performance

p, kPa

Carburetor Performance

Control of Equivalence Ratio using Carburetor

Modern Carburetor

Artificial Induction of Fuel


The fuel-injection systems for conventional spark-ignition
engines inject the fuel.
There are both mechanical and electronically controlled
injection systems.
Better volumetric efficiency
More uniform fuel distribution
More rapid response to changes in loading conditions
More precise control of the equivalence ratio.

Standard Gasoline Injectors

Anatomy of EFI

Serviceable Parts of A EFI

Filters for EFI

Overview of Electronic Fuel Injection System

Merits of Fuel Injection in the SI Engine


Absence of Venturi No Restriction in Air Flow/Higher Vol.
Eff./Torque/Power
Hot Spots for Preheating cold air eliminated/Denser air enters
Manifold Branch Pipes Not concerned with Mixture
Preparation (MPI)
Better Acceleration Response (MPI)
Fuel Atomization Generally Improved.
Use of Greater Valve Overlap
Use of Sensors to Monitor Operating Parameters/Gives
Accurate Matching of Air/fuel Requirements: Improves Power,
Reduces fuel consumption and Emissions
Precise in Metering Fuel in Ports
Precise Fuel Distribution Between Cylinders (MPI

Merits (Continued)
Fuel Transportation in Manifold not required (MPI) so no
Wall Wetting
Fuel Surge During Fast Cornering or Heavy Braking
Eliminated
Adaptable and Suitable For Supercharging (SPI and MPI)
Increased power and torque.

Port Fuel Injection System

Modeling of Fuel injection

The models needs to predict the spray process,


the distribution and evaporation of droplets and
the fuel layer formation and transmission in the port.
The governing equations of motion and droplet evaporation are
used to develop a model.
The rate of evaporation of liquid fuel is calculated by first
determining the fuel mean drop diameter (SMD) and
characteristic evaporation time eva according below equation:

dmv ml mv

dt
eva
where ml is the liquid fuel
mv is the mass of the fuel vapor.
eva is time factor

Time Factor
Time factor calculated based on the energy balance
between the surrounding air and the liquid droplet and the
assumption that the heat transferred is a fraction of the
available energy.
The size of droplet and its energy will decide the rate of
evaporation.

Droplet Size Distribution


The droplet size distribution in sprays is the crucial parameter
needed for the fundamental analysis of the transport of mass,
momentum and heat in evaporation. Engineering
Parameter determines the quality of the spray and
consequently influences to a significant extent the processes
of emissions in combustion.
Detailed experimental data is used to develop distribution
functions.
To obtain the detailed quantitative information of the sprays,
a two-component Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) is used.
This performs the simultaneous measurements of the droplet
velocity and size and the volume flux.

Measurement of Quality of Injection

Diagnosis of EFI Health : Quantity of Injection

The Spay Pattern Generated by an Injector

Instability of Fluid Ligament in Ambient Air

Mean diameter distribution of droplets (micron) in


100 mm downstream and 300 Kpa, 25o C

Distribution of droplets velocity (m/s) in 100 mm


downstream and 300 Kpa, 25o C

Frequency diagram of droplets mean diameter

D is the droplet diameter and


N is the normalized number
distribution.

Physical Models for Spray Characterization

Entropy of a group of droplets:

S K Pi ln Pi
i

where S is the information entropy, the name used when the


information concept is applied to problems in physics and
engineering.
In this equation K is a constant and Pi is the probability of the
occurrence of a certain result, in terms of number fraction.
Maximum feasible entropy corresponding to physical conditions
will decide the droplet distribution.

Physical Constraints
The following physical and mathematical constraints must be
obeyed:
(i)The sum of all probabilities must be unity:

P 1
i

(ii) the mass flow of sprayed liquid must be equal to the


mass of all droplets produced per unit time:

PV n m
i i

where n is the total number of droplets produced per unit


time and mL is the liquid mass flux.

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