BUILDING SERVICES

LIGHTING (ILLUMINATION)
definitions, accessories,
fixtures, calculations

LIGHTING (ILLUMINATION)
Lightingorilluminationis the deliberate use oflightto
achieve a practical or aesthetic effect.
Lighting includes the use of both artificiallight sourceslike
lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by
capturing daylight.
Daylighting(using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is
sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in
buildings.
This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which
represents a major component of energy consumption in
buildings.
Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the
appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects
on occupants.

SI photometry units
Quantity
Name

Unit
Symbol

Name

Symbol

Notes

Luminous energy

Qv or W

lumen second

lms

Units are sometimes

calledtalbots.

Luminous flux/
Luminous power

v or P or F

lumen(=cdsr)

lm

Luminous energy per

unit time.

Luminous intensity

Iv

candela(=lm/sr)

cd

Luminous power per

unitsolid angle.

cd/m2

Luminous power per

unit solid angle per
unitprojectedsourc
e area. Units are
sometimes
callednits.

lx

Luminous
powerincidenton a
surface.

lux

lx

Luminous
poweremittedfrom
a surface.

Luminance

Lv

candela per square

metre

Illuminance

Ev

lux(=lm/m )

Luminous exitance/
Mv
Luminous emittance

Luminous exposure

Hv

lux second

lxs

Luminous energy
density

lumen second per

cubic metre

lmsm3

Luminous efficacy

or k

lumen perwatt

lm/W

Luminous
efficiency/
V
Luminous coefficient

Ratio of luminous
flux toradiant flux.

Types of lamps
1. Incandescent Lamps:
a. Tungsten-halogen Lamps

2. Fluorescent Lamps
a. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

3. High Intensity Discharge Lamps

a. Mercury Vapor lamps
b. Metal-halide lamps
c. High-pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS)

1. Incandescent lamps

Incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent

light globe

Contains tungsten filament that gives off light when

heated to incandescence by the passage of an electric current.

The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or quartz

bulb that is filled with inert gas or evacuated.

Provides point sources of light, have low efficacy, render color well
and are easy to dim with rheostats

The modern incandescent lightbulb, with a coiled filament of

tungsten, was commercialized in the 1920s developed from the
carbon filament lamp introduced in about 1880.

Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes,

light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts.

Incandescent lamp glass bulb components

Characteristics of Incandescent
lamps
Advantages:
a. Require no external regulating equipment.
b. Have low manufacturing costs.
c. Works equally well on either alternating current or direct current (AC/DC).
d. Thus are used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car
headlamps and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting.
Disadvantages:
e. Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than most other types of lighting.
f. Efficiency of converting electricity to visible light is lesser than 5% , with the remaining energy being
converted into heat.
g. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt, compared to the 60 lm/W of a
compact fluorescent bulb.
h. Some applications of the incandescent bulb deliberately use the heat generated by the filament.
i. Such applications include incubators, brooding boxes for poultry, heat lights for reptile tanks, infrared
heating for industrial heating and drying processes, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy.
Incandescent bulbs also have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting; around 1000 hours for
home light bulbs versus up to 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and up to 100,000 hours for LED
lamps.
j. Because of their inefficiency, incandescent light bulbs are gradually being replaced in many applications
by other types of electric lights, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode
fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED).

Types of incandescent
lamps

General (A)
Globe (G)
Decorative (D) (Flame, teardrop and
other shapes)

Reflectorized incandescent bulbs have a reflective coating

inside the bulb that directs the light in one direction rather
than all around.

Reflector (R) bulbs put approximately

double the amount of light
(footcandles) on the subject as General
Service (A) of same wattage.
Parabolic Reflector (PAR) bulbs
control light more precisely. They
produce about four times the light of
General Service (A) and are used in
recessed and track lighting.
Weatherproof casing makes them

1.a. Tungsten-halogen
lamps
Have a tungsten filament and a quartz bulb containing a small
amount of a halogen that vaporises on heating and redeposits
any evaporated tungsten particles back onto the filament.
Produces a brighter and whiter light than other incandescent
bulbs.
Have a longer life and provide more light per watt than
standard incandescent bulbs, making them a more efficient
choice.
Halogen bulbs are available in two types: line voltage (120
watt) and low voltage (12 volt).

Line Voltage (120

volt)
PAR (16, 20, 30 & 38): Reflectorized
bulbs provide better beam control than
regular incandescent PAR bulbs.
T-3 Double-Ended : bulbs are available
in a variety of base types and are used in
wall sconces, torchieres and outdoor
flood lights. The direction of the light is
controlled by the fixture.
T-4 Single-Ended bulbs come in both
"mini-can" and "bayonet" base types and
are used in wall sconces, bath brackets,
torchieres and pendants. The direction of
the light is controlled by the fixture.

Low Voltage (12 Volt)

MR8, MR11 and MR16 (minireflectors) provide excellent beam
control, and their miniature size allows
them to be used in smaller track and
recessed fixtures. They are also used
in outdoor landscape accent lighting
fixtures.
PAR36 bulbs provide superior beam
control, especially over long distances.
They are used in track, recessed and
outdoor landscape accent fixtures.
T-4 Bi-Pin bulbs are miniature bulbs
used in pendants, halogen desk lamps
and linear, low-voltage track systems.
They are widely used in cove lighting
and undercabinet lighting.

2. Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent lamps are tubular discharge lamps in which light is produced by
the fluorescence of phosphorus coating the inside of the tube.
They provide linear sources of light and have an efficacy of 50 to 80 lumens
per watt. Their ability to render color varies.
Fluorescent bulbs produce light when an electric arc passes between
cathodes to excite mercury and other gases producing radiant energy, which
is then converted to visible light by a phosphor coating.
They use 1/5 to 1/3 as much electricity as incandescents with comparable
lumen ratings and last up to 20 times longer.
Uses: Recessed downlights, wall sconces, close-to-ceiling fixtures, and track
light.
Warm white tones best duplicate the color of incandescents. Also few are
made to produce warm tones of light similar to those of incandescents.

2.a. Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

Are small, improved efficiency fluorescent lamps having a single, double, or

U-shaped tube, with an adapter for fitting an incandescent lamp holder.

Can replace an incandescent lamp; some types fit into light fixtures
formerly used for incandescent lamps.

The lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into the space of an
incandescent bulb, and a compact electronic ballast in the base of the
lamp.

Like all fluorescent lamps, CFLs contain mercury, which complicates their
disposal.

CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of

incandescent lamps. Improved phosphor formulations have improved the
perceived color of the light emitted by CFLs.

3. High-Intensity Discharge
Lamps
These are electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces
light by means of an electric arc between tungsten
electrodes housed inside a translucent or transparent
fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube.
This tube is filled with both gas and metal salts for
facilitating the arc's initial strike.
Once the arc is started, it heats and evaporates the
metal salts forming a plasma, which greatly increases the
intensity of light produced by the arc and reduces its
power consumption. High-intensity discharge lamps are a
type of arc lamp.

 3.a. mercury lamps

3.b. metal halide lamps
3.c. high-pressure sodium lamps